The Contrast of Two Great Short Stories The Rocking Horse...

I. Introduction The setting in the stories The Lottery and The Rocking-Horse Winner create an atmosphere where the readers can be easily drawn in by the contrasting features of each short story. This short essay will tell of very important contrasting aspects of settings in that while both stories are different, both hold the same aspects. a. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about an event that takes place every year in a small village of New England. When the author speaks of â€Å"the lottery† he is referencing the lottery of death; this is when the stoning of a village member must give up his or her life. The villagers gather at a designated area and perform a customary ritual which has been practiced for many years. The Lottery is a†¦show more content†¦250). The scene is being set as happy, upbeat and cheerful by the author’s description of a sunny and peaceful day allowing the readers to believe that the story has a pleasant ending by describing the village buildings, objects and the village itself. As the readers push through the story they come to realize that something barbaric is about to take place. The author of this short story added an effective cover-up of irony. b. In the setting of â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† the author used the real life geographic location of England which helps the setting to become essential; it sets the reader’s experience to events that take place in actuality such as the horse races that occur in modern times. The fact that the horse races are real makes the readers relate to Paul’s character without having to add more content. The story invites readers to oversee the events of a young boy’s supernatural abilities while setting up the struggles of his mother whose heart is indifferent to the care and needs of her child. The author uses descriptions of the family’s exterior dwelling, the servants and gardens to inform the readers of the characters view in terms of need and conflicting means to keep up with their neighbors. III. Contrast a. In the story â€Å"The Lottery†, the evil in the souls of the villagers is brought out during the lottery. It is more of an evil that is held in rather than hidden. They smile,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner By Shirley Jackson1043 Words   |  5 Pagesin Two Short Stories: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Michael Jason Flowers Liberty University Outline 1. Introduction a. Thesis Statement: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. 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The Most Important Resource Ever Essay - 1488 Words

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Gangs in Our Society Free Essays

string(34) " they have no choice but to join\." Running head: GANGS: THE EFFECT ON SOCIETY 1 Gangs: The Effect on Society 2 Abstract Crime is a growing problem in cities around the United States. A big part of this problem can be attributed to gangs. The number of people who get injured or killed by gang violence continues to rise. We will write a custom essay sample on Gangs in Our Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people feel the criminal justice system is failing to control the growth and strength of gangs in communities and prisons alike. In today’s society, the age of gang members continues to decrease while the number of them continues to increase. As youth continue to age the chance that they will end up in prison increases. There will be focus on the relationship between prison and street gangs and how society is affected as a result of these gangs. It is important to look at how gang violence can be reduced if not prevented all together. Introduction and Background Gangs in America flourish in an environment where basic social institutions such as family, role models, and education are weak. Often found in ghettos and poor, lower class neighborhoods, gangs can also thrive in rural and suburban areas (Palmer, 2010). Before we begin to explore the various aspects of gangs, it is important to define what a gang is. There are many definitions and much debate about gangs among law enforcement and scholars. For this reason constructing a definition that represents all types of gangs becomes problematic and almost impossible. For this paper I will use the Ohio Revised Code definition of a gang which is, â€Å"Any organization, association, or group of persons, either formal or informal, which may have a common name or identifying sign or symbol, whose members or associates engage in activities Gangs: The Effect on Society 3 which include, but are not limited to: planning, organizing, threatening, financing, soliciting, or committing unlawful acts† (Steele, 2011). History of Gangs It is not known when gangs first came into existence but the word thug dates back to the 1200’s. Thug is derived from the word â€Å"thugz†, which is an Indian word that refers to a gang of criminals who would travel the country causing trouble (Padilla, 1992). Gang activity became most prominent in the United States in the 1920’s due to Al Capone, also known as Scarface. Due to Prohibition during this time, criminal gangs began to distribute alcohol on the black market. Capone influenced many would-be gangsters and by the 1950’s there were a number of cities with gangs committing crimes at an alarming rate. Street gangs have changed over the years with respect to their goals, the age of members, their commitment to delinquency, and the level of violence. Adamson (1998) attributes this change to immigration, population movement, economic transformations, racial and ethnic conflict and the changing fabric of neighborhood and family life. Methodology Information presented in this paper came from a variety of sources. Among them are interviews, review of literature, and gang training. There have been many residents of the correctional facility this author has worked over the years who are members of youth gangs in their communities. The majority of them have family members who are currently serving time in prison for gang related crimes. This author attended a gang training put on by the Ohio Supreme Gangs: The Effect on Society 4 Court Judicial College in which many of the speakers are experts in the fields they work in. Vinko Kucinic, a Security Threat Group Investigations Coordinator with the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections provided a great deal of information along with insight as to the severity and seriousness of prison gangs. Literature review included books, journal articles, and websites. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to give a little background into the formation of gangs and how they got to where they are now. Gangs continue to grow due to the number of youth joining these gangs for various reasons. Youth who prefer the gang life may find themselves in trouble with the law, which will lead us to the relationship between street and prison gangs. After we explore the particulars about street and prison gangs we will look at the various theories that explain why people join gangs. The paper will end with what and how society and law enforcement can reduce or prevent the increasing number of gangs in our society. Data Results of Youth Gangs The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) performed a National Youth Gang Survey in 2007 that found there were more than 27,000 active gangs across the United States and more than 788,000 gang members, a 7. 7% percent increase from 2002 (Marion Oliver, 2006). There are many reasons why youth decide to join gangs. Some of the reasons boys join include protection from the streets, access to illegal drugs, a substitute for Gangs: The Effect on Society 5 family, and they have family members who belong to gangs. Girls join because family and friends are involved and they want to get a reputation (Huff, 2002). According to Howell (2010) youth are at higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent behaviors, are aggressive or violent, experience multiple caretakers, have problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities where they feel unsafe and where other youth get into trouble. When youth do not get love and support from their families, especially their parents eventually they will look elsewhere for it. The teenage years are often the most vulnerable, a time when they need guidance and acceptance in their lives. Gangs are viewed to many members as â€Å"family† because people care them, watch out for them, and will never leave them. Many youth who grow up in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of gangs may feel the only way to stay safe is to join a gang. Rival gangs often walk the streets coercing younger kids to join their gangs. Some may feel as though they have no choice but to join. You read "Gangs in Our Society" in category "Papers" Youth who have family members in gangs can sometimes feel persuaded or pressured into joining the gang as well. Deanna Rodriguez, gang bureau chief in New York says, â€Å"We’re seeing more children who are being exposed to the gang world because their parents are members† (Parks, 2011). From the time they are babies they are dressed in the colors and taught the signs with their hands. When children are raised in this type of environment from such an early age, it becomes the only lifestyle they know. Another reason youth join gangs is a much debated issue and is based on the media. According to Mike Carlie (2002) there are three main views of the effect that violence in the media has on children. Gangs: The Effect on Society 6 The first view is that children who are raised in violent environments get confirmation of that violence when observing it or gang activity in the media. The second view is that non-violent children who are not supervised growing up while watching violent television, playing violent video games, or listening to violent rap music, begin to mimic what they witness or hear. The last view is that violence in the media allows for the purging of negative emotions and feelings. Bill O’Reilly gives his perspective on the relationship between violence in the media and gangs. The excerpt from Dudley Gerdes (2005) reads: The debasement of our culture, of which gangsta rap is a big part, has coarsened children in general and put high-risk kids in a dangerous place. Taking drugs, carrying guns and disrespecting human beings is now not only socially acceptable in many situations, it is downright glamorous. Prison and Street gangs It is estimated by the U. S. Department of Justice that the number of gangs totaled about one million in 2008. Of those 147,000 were documented gang members incarcerated in correctional facilities (Parks, 2011). Gang activity is a growing problem in America’s prisons. Gangs in prisons are known as security threat groups (STGs) because of the interference with prison discipline. The major threats that gangs pose include the smuggling of contraband, violence, and bribery (Newton, 2008). The top leaders of gangs in prison are the ones who have been imprisoned the longest and run the street gangs. The STGs have the same agenda as other gangs but instead of them starting on the street and ending up in prison, they organize in prison and take their activity out on the streets through the use of visitors and parolees. Gangs: The Effect on Society 7 Street gangs are exploited for money and other resources through prison gangs. This occurs in a number of ways. Family members often operate as messengers and drug couriers. They are normally given instructions by gang members during visits to pass on to members of the street gangs. Family members are also known to smuggle contraband in to inmates that can include cellphones, drugs, and money. According to the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) and the US Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), cell phones smuggled into correctional facilities pose the greatest threat to institution safety (â€Å"2011 National gang†, 2011). These cell phones, including smartphones, give incarcerated gang members power over street gangs through text messages, internet access, email, and unmonitored conversations. Cell phones are used to plan or direct criminal activities such as assault, murder, and drug interactions. The main difference between street gangs and prisons gangs is their motivation for violence. Street gangs normally commit violent acts to terrorize its enemies; if a murder occurs it is usually of secondary importance. The prison gang uses murder as a specific act of revenge; the terror created by the killing is of secondary importance (Landre, Miller, Porter, 1997). In many cases, the â€Å"wannabes† pose more of a threat in prison then do actual gang members. This is due to the â€Å"wannabes† carrying out numerous violent acts as they attempt to impress other members with their ability to be ruthless and to show support for the activities of the group. Aryan Brotherhood One of the top prison gangs is the Aryan Brotherhood (AB). AB is a white supremacist group that was formed in 1967, at San Quentin prison in California (Walker, 2011). They initially formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison and have since become a Gangs: The Effect on Society 8 criminal enterprise. The AB is concerned with white-supremacy, and is known to murder those who oppose the system. In the prison system they are known for their control of the sale of drugs, gambling, â€Å"punk,† or male prostitutes. The only way to become a member of the AB is to abide by their philosophy of â€Å"Blood In- Blood Out† (Steele, 2011). This means that you kill somebody to get into the gang and die to part from it. Mexican Mafia Another of the top prison gangs is the Mexican Mafia. The Mexican Mafia was formed in the 1950’s within the California Department of Corrections, and is one of the oldest and most powerful prison gangs in the United States (Walker, 2011). They are well known for drug trafficking, extortion, and murder. They often use the number 13 as their gang identification, due to the letter â€Å"M† being the 13th letter of the alphabet. One unique characteristic of the Mexican Mafia is that a member of the gang itself may not be murdered without the vote of at least three members, non-members do not require a vote. Theories of Gang Membership There are numerous criminological theories that give explanations to the reasons why people become members of a gang. Social disorganization theory was first introduced by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay in 1942. Prior to this Frederic Thrasher is credited with the research that led up to this in 1927 with his study of 1,313 Chicago gang youth (Howell Curry, 2009). Thrasher felt that economic destabilization contributed to social disorganization, which in turn, led to the breakdown of conventional social institutions such as the school, the church, and most importantly the family (Wood Alleyne, 2010). When families or schools were Gangs: The Effect on Society 9 ineffective in the socialization of children, the gang was there to fill the gaps. Furthermore, neighborhoods that lack organization ultimately lack the ability to provide essential services to the residents of the community. Shaw and McKay felt that personal ties among neighbors are what constitute community organization. Differential association theory The idea of differential association was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 (Conrad, Cox, Allen Hanser, 2008). His approach combines principles of the learning theory with the idea that learning takes place in interaction within social groups. Sutherland recognized that criminal behavior is learned and that young people develop attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquent by associating with individuals who are â€Å"carriers† of criminal norms (Wood Alleyne, 2010). The family is the primary point of learning social behavior, including deviant behavior. Individuals learn how to define situations as being law-abiding or law-violating behavior based on what they have experienced in life experiences. Strain theory There are several variations of the strain theory but the central concept is that society sets universal goals for its populace and then offers the ability to achieve them to a limited number of people (Wood Alleyne, 2010). Albert Cohen depicts gang members as working class youth who experience strain resulting in status frustration. Status frustration can be resolved when the youth associates with others like them in order to get back at middle class ideals and standards. Gangs: The Effect on Society 10 This leads to the formation of a delinquent subculture where instant gratification, fighting, and destructive behavior become the new values (Wood Alleyne, 2010). Reducing/Preventing Gang Violence Gang violence is a societal problem, and all parts of our society play a role in tolerating it and enabling it. The steady growth of gangs and gang-related crime presents a challenge for law enforcement and communities alike on all levels throughout the United States. There is evidence that some progress has been made however. The FBI’s Safe Streets Violent Crime Initiative has focused on the most violent gangs, crimes of violence, and the apprehension of violent fugitives (Parks, 2011). As a result of this from 2001 to 2008 over 40,000 arrests and 17,000 convictions of gang members were made (Parks, 2011). Law enforcement is not the only ones who should be worried about gang activity and crime. The community is an important part of reducing and preventing gang violence. Community Involvement The most important thing a community can do to address gang problems is to prevent them from developing. Early intervention programs in schools can identify youth who are truant and/or who show signs of violent or disruptive behavior and get them assistance before it becomes too late (Alonso, Coles, Fry, 2000). Schools can also encourage those youth to join extra-curricular activities whether it is sports or clubs such as drama, band, choir, and art to name a few. These activities can give a youth a sense of accomplishment and can also provide them with a sense of belonging. Gangs: The Effect on Society 11 Communities have also started imposing anti-gang ordinances known as injunctions. Injunctions vary from city to city but the idea is that they prohibit gang members from engaging in activities in â€Å"safety zones† (Parks, 2011). In these safety zones, gang members may not display gang signs, wear gang colors, associate or intimidate others. Violators are subject to fine and/or jail time. Parental Involvement Parents can be the most active players in preventing and reducing gang problems. Parents and other responsible adults need to learn everything they can about gangs and why youth join gangs as this can help keep children and neighborhoods safe. Chanequa Walker-Barnes, a psychology professor at the University of North Carolina concluded from research that parents- especially those in African American families have a lot of influence over their children and can help them avoid gangs (Hamilton, 2002). What parents do not realize is that losing a child to the gang can be avoided. They need to show their children love, support, and acceptance before it is too late. Law Enforcement and Government Involvement Gang units and task forces are important in targeting gangs and have played a major role in mitigating gang activity in a number of US communities. Other efforts to control the spread of gang violence include RICO. RICO is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which increases penalties for various crimes, such as murder, arson, robbery, or extortion, when the offender belongs to an organized criminal group (Newton, 2008). Gangs: The Effect on Society 12 Gang Resistance Education and Training (G. R. E. A. T. ) is a gang and violence prevention program built around school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curricula (â€Å"Prevent youth crime,,† 2011). The main purposes of the program are to immunize against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership for children before they reach the age that gang temptation is rampant. Discussion The most interesting and intriguing thing learned in this authors research is that it is not easy to get out of the gang. One story by a gang member commented that it is not uncommon for members to be told they cannot ever leave the gang. Even if they are allowed to quit, they are often required to be â€Å"jumped out†, meaning they must undergo a beating by gang members. In addition to be beaten by gang members, someone who wants to leave the gang may be stabbed by gang members as well. It seems as though anything goes when it comes to being jumped out. Gang members don’t care if they are use fists, knives, guns, or if there are two or 50 members doing the beating. Membership in gangs is taken seriously and quitting is considered an insult and a sign of disloyalty. Relationship between prison and street gangs Before this research was started this author had the perception that street and prison gangs were two separate entities. The literature clearly proved that perception wrong. Prison gangs run the street gangs and control most aspects of the drug world as well. Gang members in prison control not only the street gangs but family members as well as prison staff. Corrections officers and parole officers are also known to smuggle contraband in for inmates. Prison staff Gangs: The Effect on Society 13 can play two roles in prison gang culture. As active participants they may provide alibis, take bribes or payments for their silence, and provide opportunities for crimes to be carried out. Passive participants may â€Å"overlook† situations long enough for gang members to do what they want. Prison staff is not immune to the violence of gangs. They may be threatened, physically or sexually assaulted and harassed. Youth gangs All the literature on youth gangs just reinforces how vulnerable children are in the early years. The number of youth who join gangs to find belonging and acceptance is unreal. One cannot blame a child for wanting to feel needed or to want protection when they are not getting that from the one place that means the most, the home. What is more heartbreaking are the children who do not get the choice of whether they want to be a gang member as they are born into it and that is the only life they know. Conclusion The prevalence of gangs and the number of crimes committed by gang members demonstrate that while gang activity may not be a new problem, it certainly presents serious issues. Youth gangs are an increasing problem in societies across the country and are the easiest time of a person’s life to prevent them from joining a gang. There are so many programs in schools and the communities that parents can access for their at risk youth. Prison gangs do not just affect the correctional systems as they control what happens on the streets. What is the prisons problems spill out to become the community’s problems as well. Several theories were looked at to help explain why people join gangs such as the strain theory, differential association Gangs: The Effect on Society 14 theory and the social disorganization theory. There are a number of ways given that parents and communities can help in the reduction and prevention of gang involvement as well as what law enforcement and government agencies are doing. Gangs: The Effect on Society 15 References Adamson, C. (1998). Tribute, turf, honor and the American street gang: patterns of continuity and change since 1820. Theoretical Criminology, 2(1), 57-84. Retrieved from http://journals. ohiolink. edu/ejc/pdf. cgi/Adamson_Christopher. pdf? issn=13624806issue=v02i0001article=57_tthataocacs1 Alonso, A. , Coles, C. , Fry, R. (2000). Gangs, crime, and social deviance: a dialogue. Focus on Law Studies, 16(1), Retrieved from http://www. americanbar. org/content/dam/aba/publishing/focus_on_law_studies/publiced_focus_fall_00. authcheckdam. pdf Carlie, M. 2002). Into the abyss: a personal journey into the world of street gangs. Springfield, MO: Self Publication. Conrad, J. J. , Cox, S. M. , Allen, J. M. , Hanser, R. D. (2008). Juvenile justice: a guide to theory, policy, and practice. (6 Ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Dudley, W. , Gerdes, L. (2005). Opposing viewpoints: gangs. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Gangs: The Effect on Society 16 Hamilton, K. (2002). Gangbusters: Parents still play a key role in saving kids from the streets. Black Issues in Higher Education, Retrieved from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-89379977. html Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang prevention: an overview of research and programs. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116. pdf Howell, J. C. , Curry, G. D. (2009). Mobilizing communities to address gang problems. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention website: http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/Content/Documents/NYGC-bulletin-4. df Huff, C. R. (2002). Gangs in America iii. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Landre, R. , Miller, M. , Porter, D. (1997). Gang: a handbook for community awareness. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Marion, N. E. , Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. (2 Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Gangs: The Effect on Society 17 Newton, M. (2008). Criminal investigations: Gangs and gang crime. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. Padilla, F. (1992). The gang as an American enterprise. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Palmer, O. (2010, May 27). Why the gang culture exists (a 3-part series). Retrieved from http://oceanpalmer. com/blog/? p=660 Parks, P. (2011). Gangs: Current issues. San Diego, CA: Reference Point Press. Steele, K. (2011). Gangs and security threat groups. The Supreme Court of Ohio Judicial College. Walker, R. (2011). Gangs or us. Retrieved from http://www. gangsorus. com/prison_gangs. html Wood, J. , Alleyne, E. (2010). Street gang theory and research: where are we now and where do we go from here?. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 100-111. (2011). Prevent youth crime, violence, and gang involvement. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: http://www. great-online. org/ Gangs: The Effect on Society 18 (2011). 2011 national gang threat assessment: Emerging trends. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation website: http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment How to cite Gangs in Our Society, Papers

Indigenous Governance and Leadership

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Governance and Leadership. Answer: Understanding Governance Governance Governance plays a very important role in deciding what kind of society people select to live in. Governance helps a county, community, small groups and companies to achieve the objectives they are striving for. Governance is totally different from government, administration and management. It is a wider term than leadership. Good governance makes effective provisions for powers, rules, schedules, and time margins (Zeldin et al., 2012). Importance of Governance Governance leads to the protection of human rights and welfare, justified enforcement of rules, policies and laws and helps in maintaining relationships with external parties. This leads to effective management of money, people, and culture. Governance provides the benefit of formulation of goals and objectives for the whole society. Governance is a powerful tool for economic and social development. Power, authority and rules are important components of governance system (Garmany, 2010). Effective and good governance leads to various benefits to societies, people, and nation. Governance is a tool which helps in determining economy and community development and also helps in maximisation of self determination in the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island. The economic and social well being in societies and groups depends upon the Aboriginal communitiesthat how they are planning development for their people in long run. Indigenous Community Governance Project states that good governance should include legitimacy where all men and women should be given equality and participation in decision making, fairness which provides opportunity for improvement in human rights protection, and performance which leads to outcomes that were planned. Indigenous Governance Indigenous governance is different from organizational or corporate governance. In indigenous governance, people themselves care for country, manage, and share resources and share their knowledge amongst each other. Cultural values, traditions, rules, and beliefs are shared with each other. Social and philosophical systems play an important role in governance of structure, processes and institutions. A community can be described as a network of people and various organisations connected together by way of personal terms, political links, rules, and traditions. Community share economic and social benefits and common benefits (Ostrom, 2010).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are extremely diverse in their cultures, histories, locations, size, and local conditions.They are related to different national, and government laws. Organizational Governance Organization governance is the combination of authority, control, and direction for the accomplishment of organizational goals and objectives. Indigenous organizations have an informal group of people who work in coordinated manner to attain the specific objectives and not to indulge in legal incorporation such as assembly, alliance (Zeldin et al., 2012). Many of the informal organizations are initiated by Government and agencies to provide local delivery of policies and programs. Women and Governance Role of women is very important in the government of indigenous people as the women in these societies normally have very important role of leadership and governance in maintaining the household and family. Governance also strengthens women role in society and also encourage then to be part of the government through empowerment and this leads to gender equality in decision making progress. Involvement of women would lead to effective governance which will be helpful in efficient decision making for attainment of goals and objectives. Indigenous Governance and Culture Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people believe in their own culture based governance. They have their own system that has changed over the time. These changes can occur in the traditions, rules, and code of conduct of the system. Consequently, it has impact upon imposing arrangement. Furthermore, there is different Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies in the Australia that has adopted different culture based ways of governance. Despite this, there is some common culture values and tradition within the Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander societies (Capistrano and Charles, 2012). Indigenous Principles of Governance in Australia Indigenous people uses alike culturally-based principles within the Australia in order to design their governing settlement. These principles included the networks, relationships, governance histories, cultural geographies, leadership, decision-making authority, and mutual accountability (Toolkit, 2016). Network Network is a group of people, things, or organizations that are independent but connected with each other and helps one another to share the ideas, beliefs, knowledge and resources. Networks are effective for people and organization to cooperate with common goal. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander use their networks in extended families, linked groups, communities, ceremonial traditions, kinship relationships and groups of leaders. Relationships and shared Cultural Connections Relationship depends upon the shared culture connections of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance networks. Effective internal relationship among the group member is essential for legitimate governance. Governance Histories There are different histories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups, communities or organizations to make their governance arrangements. Hence, they face challenges according to their governance histories. Cultural Geographies It indicates the cultural boundaries associated with the geographies like land-owning groups, traditional, and gender arrangement, leadership hierarchies, and extensive family networks. These are cultural boundaries are different from the non-indigenous administrative (Lyver, et al., 2014). Leadership Leader helps people to cooperate, use their resources, resolve the problems, and care for the nation. In such way, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders have ability to influence people. They are also knowledgeable and forming networks within and outside the environment. Decision Making Authority The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander make decision associated with the local group of member within the network. These decisions are related to the issues of owners land, resources, the knowledge or the dispute among the local people. But problem has occurred when wrong layers of network involved within the decision making process. Accountability It means responsibility of person, family, wider groups, and network towards each other. It depends on the rules and regulation and assesses the activities of the group. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander emphasize the significance of downward responsibility to the members of their own nation, community and local groups. Building and Maintaining Cultural Legitimacy Cultural legitimacy in the governance settlement means involvement of rules, regulation, structure, and process in the governance arrangements. It is effective to develop understanding about the values, cultural traditions, power, and authority among the group member. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community uses the cultural legitimacy in their new governing arrangements in order to share their cultural values, tradition and exercising authority with the people (Capistrano and Charles, 2012). To build and maintain the cultural legitimacy, indigenous leaders need to focus on some aspects such as develop clear understanding about the member and area whether legitimacy is weak, open to use new technologies, realistic idea and engage the stakeholders. Leadership for Governance Leadership is the art of influencing the group of members to act towards accomplishing the common goal. Leadership is about providing the right direction and guidance to people. A leader is the individual who has distinct style, personal qualities, values, skills, experience, and knowledge to influence the people to act to meet common objectives. Importance of Leadership Every society has its visionary leaders and they have ability to use their power. Hence, leaders need to communicate about the set of values and standard with their followers. They should have ability to recognize their own as well as others weaknesses and strengths (Indigenous Governance Toolkit, 2015). They should be able to inspire the people to act together. Moreover, leaders should be accountable and commit to act fair and comprehensive to represent their members and followers. Leaders also understand their limitation to their role. They also help their country, communities and organizations to achieve their goals. According to Rothaermel (2015), the concept of leadership and governance includes the strategic guidelines, plans and policies, rules and regulation, motivation, partnerships and effective oversights. It is effective for the Australian Indigenous Governance Institute in order to get the positive outcomes. Besides this, leadership involves the implanting strategies, developing plans and policies, accountability, and transparency. Thus, it is said that effective leaders have ability to face challenges in complex circumstances in order to meet the objectives. They are practical at all level of the organization. In contrast to this, leaders can encourage the sense of moral and social responsibility into their each activity. They also influences group of people to act towards the common ideas and ideologies. Further, they provide the appropriate direction to people to reach their goals. In the view of chairman of the Australian Productivity Commission, effective leadership plays vital role in solving the issues that face by the communities and nations. Further, leadership and management are not the same things. It means, in the organization, managers and leaders both are different. It usually depends on ability of people to exercise their power and use their rights in the organization. Moreover, leaders can inspire the people and foster their commitment and cooperation (Thompson, 2011). Thus, it is said that everyone can be leader by using their talent and to use their distinct skill each day. In addition to this, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are act to rebuild their leadership and decision-making authority. In this way, these communities are using the appropriate ways of selecting, supporting and mentoring their young leaders. As a result, it establishes the more effective governing bodies. Effective, Legitimate Leadership Effective leadership is important to meet the social, economic, and cultural outcomes with respect to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Hence, it is said that without visionary and accountable leaders, governance can quickly become the ineffective (Thompson, 2011). Further, there can be lack of credibility. Additionally, through selecting the appropriate leaders, organization can achieve the favorable outcomes. Because effective leaders are able to coordinate with people and also solve every type of conflict within the organization. Governance for Nation Rebuilding and Development Governance for national rebuilding always deals with the practical mechanisms. It follows the principal of maximization of self determination. Two different approaches of Governance In Standard approach, the main goal and economic problem is considered as development. Culture is considered as problem in decision making. Moreover, decision making is short term, non strategic and even non controllable. External parties have an influential control and used to set the future goals. Leaders move only towards distribution of products and services and makes ineffective decision by not considering plans. Rules and policies in this approach are based upon external values, concepts, and standards prevailing in society from earlier times. This leads to failure in governance to organization (Ott, 2010). Standard approach works on external funds which lead to chaos and confusion in carrying out of operations. On other hand, in Nation rebuilding approach development is considered as interrelated economic, social, and cultural goal. Decision making progress is long term oriented, more strategic and is fully controlled. Culture is considered as strength. Nation rebuilding approach moves in the direction of welfare of nations people and always focuses on achievement of common goals. Leaders act as nation developers and make decisions for the welfare of people of nation. National rebuilding approach leads towards majority decision making, community development and sustainable organizations (Arnstein, 1969). This approach manages and diversifies the risk heading towards social and economical growth and development. The ladder ofSelf Governance The ladder of Self governance is a very important aspect for nation rebuilding as it informs about the different levels which help in achievement of responsibility and power which lead towards the direction of nation rebuilding. The movement from standard approach to Nation rebuilding approach is a steady process. The level should be decided after practically exercising the governing authority and their capabilities. Nation Rebuilding Approach A nation rebuilding provides detailed information about strategic vision of community governance. It is an approach in which self determination plays a very important role (Huntjens et al., 2012). National building approach requires some critical steps and they are as follows. Drawing of unique cultures and values related to governance and protection of culture and values prevailing in society with a consideration of respect. Determination of constituents for legitimacy of nation. Through this all the people in the nation will be provided with equal right and will be equally represented. Determination of style of leadership requirement and effectiveness and growth needed for nation. Designing of appropriate policies, rules, strategies and structures for the implementation. Develop a strong coordination with the members so that there can be effective participation in decision making progress of arrangements and aspirations required for nation rebuilding (Arnstein, 1969). The last step is involvement with environment and links influencing governance and maintains a cordial relationship with other parties. References Arnstein, S. R. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation, JAIP, 35 (4), 216-224. Capistrano, R. C. G. and Charles, A. T. (2012) Indigenous rights and coastal fisheries: A framework of livelihoods, rights and equity,Ocean coastal management,69, pp. 200-209. Garmany, J. (2010) Religion and governmentality: Understanding governance in urban Brazil,Geoforum,41(6), pp.908-918. Huntjens, P., Lebel, L., Pahl-Wostl, C., Camkin, J., Schulze, R. and Kranz, N. (2012) Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector,Global Environmental Change,22(1), pp.67-81. Indigenous Governance Toolkit (2015) Leadership for governance. [Online]. Available at: https://toolkit.aigi.com.au/toolkit/4-0-your-governing-body-and-leadership (Accessed: 13 August 2016). Lyver, P. O. B., Davies, J. and Allen, R. B. (2014) Settling Indigenous Claims to Protected Areas: Weighing MÄ ori Aspirations against Australian Experiences,Conservation and Society,12(1), pp. 89. Ostrom, E. (2010) Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems,Transnational Corporations Review,2(2), pp.1-12. Ott, J. C. (2010) Good governance and happiness in nations: Technical quality precedes democracy and quality beats size,Journal of Happiness Studies,11(3), pp.353-368. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015) Strategic management. USA: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, L. J. (2011) A moral compass for the global leadership labyrinth. In Ethical Leadership. UK : Palgrave Macmillan. Toolkit (2016) Indigenous governance and culture. [Online]. Available at: https://toolkit.aigi.com.au/toolkit/2-1-indigenous-governance-and-culture (Accessed: 13 August 2016). Zeldin, S., Camino, L. and Calvert, M. (2012) Toward an understanding of youth in community governance: Policy priorities and research directions, Anlise Psicolgica,25(1), pp.77-95.