The Contrast of Two Great Short Stories The Rocking Horse...

I. Introduction The setting in the stories The Lottery and The Rocking-Horse Winner create an atmosphere where the readers can be easily drawn in by the contrasting features of each short story. This short essay will tell of very important contrasting aspects of settings in that while both stories are different, both hold the same aspects. a. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about an event that takes place every year in a small village of New England. When the author speaks of â€Å"the lottery† he is referencing the lottery of death; this is when the stoning of a village member must give up his or her life. The villagers gather at a designated area and perform a customary ritual which has been practiced for many years. The Lottery is a†¦show more content†¦250). The scene is being set as happy, upbeat and cheerful by the author’s description of a sunny and peaceful day allowing the readers to believe that the story has a pleasant ending by describing the village buildings, objects and the village itself. As the readers push through the story they come to realize that something barbaric is about to take place. The author of this short story added an effective cover-up of irony. b. In the setting of â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† the author used the real life geographic location of England which helps the setting to become essential; it sets the reader’s experience to events that take place in actuality such as the horse races that occur in modern times. The fact that the horse races are real makes the readers relate to Paul’s character without having to add more content. The story invites readers to oversee the events of a young boy’s supernatural abilities while setting up the struggles of his mother whose heart is indifferent to the care and needs of her child. The author uses descriptions of the family’s exterior dwelling, the servants and gardens to inform the readers of the characters view in terms of need and conflicting means to keep up with their neighbors. III. Contrast a. In the story â€Å"The Lottery†, the evil in the souls of the villagers is brought out during the lottery. It is more of an evil that is held in rather than hidden. They smile,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner By Shirley Jackson1043 Words   |  5 Pagesin Two Short Stories: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Michael Jason Flowers Liberty University Outline 1. Introduction a. Thesis Statement: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. 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The Most Important Resource Ever Essay - 1488 Words

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Gangs in Our Society Free Essays

string(34) " they have no choice but to join\." Running head: GANGS: THE EFFECT ON SOCIETY 1 Gangs: The Effect on Society 2 Abstract Crime is a growing problem in cities around the United States. A big part of this problem can be attributed to gangs. The number of people who get injured or killed by gang violence continues to rise. We will write a custom essay sample on Gangs in Our Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people feel the criminal justice system is failing to control the growth and strength of gangs in communities and prisons alike. In today’s society, the age of gang members continues to decrease while the number of them continues to increase. As youth continue to age the chance that they will end up in prison increases. There will be focus on the relationship between prison and street gangs and how society is affected as a result of these gangs. It is important to look at how gang violence can be reduced if not prevented all together. Introduction and Background Gangs in America flourish in an environment where basic social institutions such as family, role models, and education are weak. Often found in ghettos and poor, lower class neighborhoods, gangs can also thrive in rural and suburban areas (Palmer, 2010). Before we begin to explore the various aspects of gangs, it is important to define what a gang is. There are many definitions and much debate about gangs among law enforcement and scholars. For this reason constructing a definition that represents all types of gangs becomes problematic and almost impossible. For this paper I will use the Ohio Revised Code definition of a gang which is, â€Å"Any organization, association, or group of persons, either formal or informal, which may have a common name or identifying sign or symbol, whose members or associates engage in activities Gangs: The Effect on Society 3 which include, but are not limited to: planning, organizing, threatening, financing, soliciting, or committing unlawful acts† (Steele, 2011). History of Gangs It is not known when gangs first came into existence but the word thug dates back to the 1200’s. Thug is derived from the word â€Å"thugz†, which is an Indian word that refers to a gang of criminals who would travel the country causing trouble (Padilla, 1992). Gang activity became most prominent in the United States in the 1920’s due to Al Capone, also known as Scarface. Due to Prohibition during this time, criminal gangs began to distribute alcohol on the black market. Capone influenced many would-be gangsters and by the 1950’s there were a number of cities with gangs committing crimes at an alarming rate. Street gangs have changed over the years with respect to their goals, the age of members, their commitment to delinquency, and the level of violence. Adamson (1998) attributes this change to immigration, population movement, economic transformations, racial and ethnic conflict and the changing fabric of neighborhood and family life. Methodology Information presented in this paper came from a variety of sources. Among them are interviews, review of literature, and gang training. There have been many residents of the correctional facility this author has worked over the years who are members of youth gangs in their communities. The majority of them have family members who are currently serving time in prison for gang related crimes. This author attended a gang training put on by the Ohio Supreme Gangs: The Effect on Society 4 Court Judicial College in which many of the speakers are experts in the fields they work in. Vinko Kucinic, a Security Threat Group Investigations Coordinator with the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections provided a great deal of information along with insight as to the severity and seriousness of prison gangs. Literature review included books, journal articles, and websites. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to give a little background into the formation of gangs and how they got to where they are now. Gangs continue to grow due to the number of youth joining these gangs for various reasons. Youth who prefer the gang life may find themselves in trouble with the law, which will lead us to the relationship between street and prison gangs. After we explore the particulars about street and prison gangs we will look at the various theories that explain why people join gangs. The paper will end with what and how society and law enforcement can reduce or prevent the increasing number of gangs in our society. Data Results of Youth Gangs The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) performed a National Youth Gang Survey in 2007 that found there were more than 27,000 active gangs across the United States and more than 788,000 gang members, a 7. 7% percent increase from 2002 (Marion Oliver, 2006). There are many reasons why youth decide to join gangs. Some of the reasons boys join include protection from the streets, access to illegal drugs, a substitute for Gangs: The Effect on Society 5 family, and they have family members who belong to gangs. Girls join because family and friends are involved and they want to get a reputation (Huff, 2002). According to Howell (2010) youth are at higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent behaviors, are aggressive or violent, experience multiple caretakers, have problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities where they feel unsafe and where other youth get into trouble. When youth do not get love and support from their families, especially their parents eventually they will look elsewhere for it. The teenage years are often the most vulnerable, a time when they need guidance and acceptance in their lives. Gangs are viewed to many members as â€Å"family† because people care them, watch out for them, and will never leave them. Many youth who grow up in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of gangs may feel the only way to stay safe is to join a gang. Rival gangs often walk the streets coercing younger kids to join their gangs. Some may feel as though they have no choice but to join. You read "Gangs in Our Society" in category "Papers" Youth who have family members in gangs can sometimes feel persuaded or pressured into joining the gang as well. Deanna Rodriguez, gang bureau chief in New York says, â€Å"We’re seeing more children who are being exposed to the gang world because their parents are members† (Parks, 2011). From the time they are babies they are dressed in the colors and taught the signs with their hands. When children are raised in this type of environment from such an early age, it becomes the only lifestyle they know. Another reason youth join gangs is a much debated issue and is based on the media. According to Mike Carlie (2002) there are three main views of the effect that violence in the media has on children. Gangs: The Effect on Society 6 The first view is that children who are raised in violent environments get confirmation of that violence when observing it or gang activity in the media. The second view is that non-violent children who are not supervised growing up while watching violent television, playing violent video games, or listening to violent rap music, begin to mimic what they witness or hear. The last view is that violence in the media allows for the purging of negative emotions and feelings. Bill O’Reilly gives his perspective on the relationship between violence in the media and gangs. The excerpt from Dudley Gerdes (2005) reads: The debasement of our culture, of which gangsta rap is a big part, has coarsened children in general and put high-risk kids in a dangerous place. Taking drugs, carrying guns and disrespecting human beings is now not only socially acceptable in many situations, it is downright glamorous. Prison and Street gangs It is estimated by the U. S. Department of Justice that the number of gangs totaled about one million in 2008. Of those 147,000 were documented gang members incarcerated in correctional facilities (Parks, 2011). Gang activity is a growing problem in America’s prisons. Gangs in prisons are known as security threat groups (STGs) because of the interference with prison discipline. The major threats that gangs pose include the smuggling of contraband, violence, and bribery (Newton, 2008). The top leaders of gangs in prison are the ones who have been imprisoned the longest and run the street gangs. The STGs have the same agenda as other gangs but instead of them starting on the street and ending up in prison, they organize in prison and take their activity out on the streets through the use of visitors and parolees. Gangs: The Effect on Society 7 Street gangs are exploited for money and other resources through prison gangs. This occurs in a number of ways. Family members often operate as messengers and drug couriers. They are normally given instructions by gang members during visits to pass on to members of the street gangs. Family members are also known to smuggle contraband in to inmates that can include cellphones, drugs, and money. According to the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) and the US Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), cell phones smuggled into correctional facilities pose the greatest threat to institution safety (â€Å"2011 National gang†, 2011). These cell phones, including smartphones, give incarcerated gang members power over street gangs through text messages, internet access, email, and unmonitored conversations. Cell phones are used to plan or direct criminal activities such as assault, murder, and drug interactions. The main difference between street gangs and prisons gangs is their motivation for violence. Street gangs normally commit violent acts to terrorize its enemies; if a murder occurs it is usually of secondary importance. The prison gang uses murder as a specific act of revenge; the terror created by the killing is of secondary importance (Landre, Miller, Porter, 1997). In many cases, the â€Å"wannabes† pose more of a threat in prison then do actual gang members. This is due to the â€Å"wannabes† carrying out numerous violent acts as they attempt to impress other members with their ability to be ruthless and to show support for the activities of the group. Aryan Brotherhood One of the top prison gangs is the Aryan Brotherhood (AB). AB is a white supremacist group that was formed in 1967, at San Quentin prison in California (Walker, 2011). They initially formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison and have since become a Gangs: The Effect on Society 8 criminal enterprise. The AB is concerned with white-supremacy, and is known to murder those who oppose the system. In the prison system they are known for their control of the sale of drugs, gambling, â€Å"punk,† or male prostitutes. The only way to become a member of the AB is to abide by their philosophy of â€Å"Blood In- Blood Out† (Steele, 2011). This means that you kill somebody to get into the gang and die to part from it. Mexican Mafia Another of the top prison gangs is the Mexican Mafia. The Mexican Mafia was formed in the 1950’s within the California Department of Corrections, and is one of the oldest and most powerful prison gangs in the United States (Walker, 2011). They are well known for drug trafficking, extortion, and murder. They often use the number 13 as their gang identification, due to the letter â€Å"M† being the 13th letter of the alphabet. One unique characteristic of the Mexican Mafia is that a member of the gang itself may not be murdered without the vote of at least three members, non-members do not require a vote. Theories of Gang Membership There are numerous criminological theories that give explanations to the reasons why people become members of a gang. Social disorganization theory was first introduced by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay in 1942. Prior to this Frederic Thrasher is credited with the research that led up to this in 1927 with his study of 1,313 Chicago gang youth (Howell Curry, 2009). Thrasher felt that economic destabilization contributed to social disorganization, which in turn, led to the breakdown of conventional social institutions such as the school, the church, and most importantly the family (Wood Alleyne, 2010). When families or schools were Gangs: The Effect on Society 9 ineffective in the socialization of children, the gang was there to fill the gaps. Furthermore, neighborhoods that lack organization ultimately lack the ability to provide essential services to the residents of the community. Shaw and McKay felt that personal ties among neighbors are what constitute community organization. Differential association theory The idea of differential association was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 (Conrad, Cox, Allen Hanser, 2008). His approach combines principles of the learning theory with the idea that learning takes place in interaction within social groups. Sutherland recognized that criminal behavior is learned and that young people develop attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquent by associating with individuals who are â€Å"carriers† of criminal norms (Wood Alleyne, 2010). The family is the primary point of learning social behavior, including deviant behavior. Individuals learn how to define situations as being law-abiding or law-violating behavior based on what they have experienced in life experiences. Strain theory There are several variations of the strain theory but the central concept is that society sets universal goals for its populace and then offers the ability to achieve them to a limited number of people (Wood Alleyne, 2010). Albert Cohen depicts gang members as working class youth who experience strain resulting in status frustration. Status frustration can be resolved when the youth associates with others like them in order to get back at middle class ideals and standards. Gangs: The Effect on Society 10 This leads to the formation of a delinquent subculture where instant gratification, fighting, and destructive behavior become the new values (Wood Alleyne, 2010). Reducing/Preventing Gang Violence Gang violence is a societal problem, and all parts of our society play a role in tolerating it and enabling it. The steady growth of gangs and gang-related crime presents a challenge for law enforcement and communities alike on all levels throughout the United States. There is evidence that some progress has been made however. The FBI’s Safe Streets Violent Crime Initiative has focused on the most violent gangs, crimes of violence, and the apprehension of violent fugitives (Parks, 2011). As a result of this from 2001 to 2008 over 40,000 arrests and 17,000 convictions of gang members were made (Parks, 2011). Law enforcement is not the only ones who should be worried about gang activity and crime. The community is an important part of reducing and preventing gang violence. Community Involvement The most important thing a community can do to address gang problems is to prevent them from developing. Early intervention programs in schools can identify youth who are truant and/or who show signs of violent or disruptive behavior and get them assistance before it becomes too late (Alonso, Coles, Fry, 2000). Schools can also encourage those youth to join extra-curricular activities whether it is sports or clubs such as drama, band, choir, and art to name a few. These activities can give a youth a sense of accomplishment and can also provide them with a sense of belonging. Gangs: The Effect on Society 11 Communities have also started imposing anti-gang ordinances known as injunctions. Injunctions vary from city to city but the idea is that they prohibit gang members from engaging in activities in â€Å"safety zones† (Parks, 2011). In these safety zones, gang members may not display gang signs, wear gang colors, associate or intimidate others. Violators are subject to fine and/or jail time. Parental Involvement Parents can be the most active players in preventing and reducing gang problems. Parents and other responsible adults need to learn everything they can about gangs and why youth join gangs as this can help keep children and neighborhoods safe. Chanequa Walker-Barnes, a psychology professor at the University of North Carolina concluded from research that parents- especially those in African American families have a lot of influence over their children and can help them avoid gangs (Hamilton, 2002). What parents do not realize is that losing a child to the gang can be avoided. They need to show their children love, support, and acceptance before it is too late. Law Enforcement and Government Involvement Gang units and task forces are important in targeting gangs and have played a major role in mitigating gang activity in a number of US communities. Other efforts to control the spread of gang violence include RICO. RICO is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which increases penalties for various crimes, such as murder, arson, robbery, or extortion, when the offender belongs to an organized criminal group (Newton, 2008). Gangs: The Effect on Society 12 Gang Resistance Education and Training (G. R. E. A. T. ) is a gang and violence prevention program built around school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curricula (â€Å"Prevent youth crime,,† 2011). The main purposes of the program are to immunize against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership for children before they reach the age that gang temptation is rampant. Discussion The most interesting and intriguing thing learned in this authors research is that it is not easy to get out of the gang. One story by a gang member commented that it is not uncommon for members to be told they cannot ever leave the gang. Even if they are allowed to quit, they are often required to be â€Å"jumped out†, meaning they must undergo a beating by gang members. In addition to be beaten by gang members, someone who wants to leave the gang may be stabbed by gang members as well. It seems as though anything goes when it comes to being jumped out. Gang members don’t care if they are use fists, knives, guns, or if there are two or 50 members doing the beating. Membership in gangs is taken seriously and quitting is considered an insult and a sign of disloyalty. Relationship between prison and street gangs Before this research was started this author had the perception that street and prison gangs were two separate entities. The literature clearly proved that perception wrong. Prison gangs run the street gangs and control most aspects of the drug world as well. Gang members in prison control not only the street gangs but family members as well as prison staff. Corrections officers and parole officers are also known to smuggle contraband in for inmates. Prison staff Gangs: The Effect on Society 13 can play two roles in prison gang culture. As active participants they may provide alibis, take bribes or payments for their silence, and provide opportunities for crimes to be carried out. Passive participants may â€Å"overlook† situations long enough for gang members to do what they want. Prison staff is not immune to the violence of gangs. They may be threatened, physically or sexually assaulted and harassed. Youth gangs All the literature on youth gangs just reinforces how vulnerable children are in the early years. The number of youth who join gangs to find belonging and acceptance is unreal. One cannot blame a child for wanting to feel needed or to want protection when they are not getting that from the one place that means the most, the home. What is more heartbreaking are the children who do not get the choice of whether they want to be a gang member as they are born into it and that is the only life they know. Conclusion The prevalence of gangs and the number of crimes committed by gang members demonstrate that while gang activity may not be a new problem, it certainly presents serious issues. Youth gangs are an increasing problem in societies across the country and are the easiest time of a person’s life to prevent them from joining a gang. There are so many programs in schools and the communities that parents can access for their at risk youth. Prison gangs do not just affect the correctional systems as they control what happens on the streets. What is the prisons problems spill out to become the community’s problems as well. Several theories were looked at to help explain why people join gangs such as the strain theory, differential association Gangs: The Effect on Society 14 theory and the social disorganization theory. There are a number of ways given that parents and communities can help in the reduction and prevention of gang involvement as well as what law enforcement and government agencies are doing. Gangs: The Effect on Society 15 References Adamson, C. (1998). Tribute, turf, honor and the American street gang: patterns of continuity and change since 1820. Theoretical Criminology, 2(1), 57-84. Retrieved from http://journals. ohiolink. edu/ejc/pdf. cgi/Adamson_Christopher. pdf? issn=13624806issue=v02i0001article=57_tthataocacs1 Alonso, A. , Coles, C. , Fry, R. (2000). Gangs, crime, and social deviance: a dialogue. Focus on Law Studies, 16(1), Retrieved from http://www. americanbar. org/content/dam/aba/publishing/focus_on_law_studies/publiced_focus_fall_00. authcheckdam. pdf Carlie, M. 2002). Into the abyss: a personal journey into the world of street gangs. Springfield, MO: Self Publication. Conrad, J. J. , Cox, S. M. , Allen, J. M. , Hanser, R. D. (2008). Juvenile justice: a guide to theory, policy, and practice. (6 Ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Dudley, W. , Gerdes, L. (2005). Opposing viewpoints: gangs. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Gangs: The Effect on Society 16 Hamilton, K. (2002). Gangbusters: Parents still play a key role in saving kids from the streets. Black Issues in Higher Education, Retrieved from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-89379977. html Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang prevention: an overview of research and programs. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116. pdf Howell, J. C. , Curry, G. D. (2009). Mobilizing communities to address gang problems. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention website: http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/Content/Documents/NYGC-bulletin-4. df Huff, C. R. (2002). Gangs in America iii. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Landre, R. , Miller, M. , Porter, D. (1997). Gang: a handbook for community awareness. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Marion, N. E. , Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. (2 Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Gangs: The Effect on Society 17 Newton, M. (2008). Criminal investigations: Gangs and gang crime. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. Padilla, F. (1992). The gang as an American enterprise. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Palmer, O. (2010, May 27). Why the gang culture exists (a 3-part series). Retrieved from http://oceanpalmer. com/blog/? p=660 Parks, P. (2011). Gangs: Current issues. San Diego, CA: Reference Point Press. Steele, K. (2011). Gangs and security threat groups. The Supreme Court of Ohio Judicial College. Walker, R. (2011). Gangs or us. Retrieved from http://www. gangsorus. com/prison_gangs. html Wood, J. , Alleyne, E. (2010). Street gang theory and research: where are we now and where do we go from here?. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 100-111. (2011). Prevent youth crime, violence, and gang involvement. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: http://www. great-online. org/ Gangs: The Effect on Society 18 (2011). 2011 national gang threat assessment: Emerging trends. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation website: http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment How to cite Gangs in Our Society, Papers

Indigenous Governance and Leadership

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Governance and Leadership. Answer: Understanding Governance Governance Governance plays a very important role in deciding what kind of society people select to live in. Governance helps a county, community, small groups and companies to achieve the objectives they are striving for. Governance is totally different from government, administration and management. It is a wider term than leadership. Good governance makes effective provisions for powers, rules, schedules, and time margins (Zeldin et al., 2012). Importance of Governance Governance leads to the protection of human rights and welfare, justified enforcement of rules, policies and laws and helps in maintaining relationships with external parties. This leads to effective management of money, people, and culture. Governance provides the benefit of formulation of goals and objectives for the whole society. Governance is a powerful tool for economic and social development. Power, authority and rules are important components of governance system (Garmany, 2010). Effective and good governance leads to various benefits to societies, people, and nation. Governance is a tool which helps in determining economy and community development and also helps in maximisation of self determination in the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island. The economic and social well being in societies and groups depends upon the Aboriginal communitiesthat how they are planning development for their people in long run. Indigenous Community Governance Project states that good governance should include legitimacy where all men and women should be given equality and participation in decision making, fairness which provides opportunity for improvement in human rights protection, and performance which leads to outcomes that were planned. Indigenous Governance Indigenous governance is different from organizational or corporate governance. In indigenous governance, people themselves care for country, manage, and share resources and share their knowledge amongst each other. Cultural values, traditions, rules, and beliefs are shared with each other. Social and philosophical systems play an important role in governance of structure, processes and institutions. A community can be described as a network of people and various organisations connected together by way of personal terms, political links, rules, and traditions. Community share economic and social benefits and common benefits (Ostrom, 2010).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are extremely diverse in their cultures, histories, locations, size, and local conditions.They are related to different national, and government laws. Organizational Governance Organization governance is the combination of authority, control, and direction for the accomplishment of organizational goals and objectives. Indigenous organizations have an informal group of people who work in coordinated manner to attain the specific objectives and not to indulge in legal incorporation such as assembly, alliance (Zeldin et al., 2012). Many of the informal organizations are initiated by Government and agencies to provide local delivery of policies and programs. Women and Governance Role of women is very important in the government of indigenous people as the women in these societies normally have very important role of leadership and governance in maintaining the household and family. Governance also strengthens women role in society and also encourage then to be part of the government through empowerment and this leads to gender equality in decision making progress. Involvement of women would lead to effective governance which will be helpful in efficient decision making for attainment of goals and objectives. Indigenous Governance and Culture Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people believe in their own culture based governance. They have their own system that has changed over the time. These changes can occur in the traditions, rules, and code of conduct of the system. Consequently, it has impact upon imposing arrangement. Furthermore, there is different Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies in the Australia that has adopted different culture based ways of governance. Despite this, there is some common culture values and tradition within the Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander societies (Capistrano and Charles, 2012). Indigenous Principles of Governance in Australia Indigenous people uses alike culturally-based principles within the Australia in order to design their governing settlement. These principles included the networks, relationships, governance histories, cultural geographies, leadership, decision-making authority, and mutual accountability (Toolkit, 2016). Network Network is a group of people, things, or organizations that are independent but connected with each other and helps one another to share the ideas, beliefs, knowledge and resources. Networks are effective for people and organization to cooperate with common goal. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander use their networks in extended families, linked groups, communities, ceremonial traditions, kinship relationships and groups of leaders. Relationships and shared Cultural Connections Relationship depends upon the shared culture connections of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance networks. Effective internal relationship among the group member is essential for legitimate governance. Governance Histories There are different histories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups, communities or organizations to make their governance arrangements. Hence, they face challenges according to their governance histories. Cultural Geographies It indicates the cultural boundaries associated with the geographies like land-owning groups, traditional, and gender arrangement, leadership hierarchies, and extensive family networks. These are cultural boundaries are different from the non-indigenous administrative (Lyver, et al., 2014). Leadership Leader helps people to cooperate, use their resources, resolve the problems, and care for the nation. In such way, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders have ability to influence people. They are also knowledgeable and forming networks within and outside the environment. Decision Making Authority The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander make decision associated with the local group of member within the network. These decisions are related to the issues of owners land, resources, the knowledge or the dispute among the local people. But problem has occurred when wrong layers of network involved within the decision making process. Accountability It means responsibility of person, family, wider groups, and network towards each other. It depends on the rules and regulation and assesses the activities of the group. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander emphasize the significance of downward responsibility to the members of their own nation, community and local groups. Building and Maintaining Cultural Legitimacy Cultural legitimacy in the governance settlement means involvement of rules, regulation, structure, and process in the governance arrangements. It is effective to develop understanding about the values, cultural traditions, power, and authority among the group member. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community uses the cultural legitimacy in their new governing arrangements in order to share their cultural values, tradition and exercising authority with the people (Capistrano and Charles, 2012). To build and maintain the cultural legitimacy, indigenous leaders need to focus on some aspects such as develop clear understanding about the member and area whether legitimacy is weak, open to use new technologies, realistic idea and engage the stakeholders. Leadership for Governance Leadership is the art of influencing the group of members to act towards accomplishing the common goal. Leadership is about providing the right direction and guidance to people. A leader is the individual who has distinct style, personal qualities, values, skills, experience, and knowledge to influence the people to act to meet common objectives. Importance of Leadership Every society has its visionary leaders and they have ability to use their power. Hence, leaders need to communicate about the set of values and standard with their followers. They should have ability to recognize their own as well as others weaknesses and strengths (Indigenous Governance Toolkit, 2015). They should be able to inspire the people to act together. Moreover, leaders should be accountable and commit to act fair and comprehensive to represent their members and followers. Leaders also understand their limitation to their role. They also help their country, communities and organizations to achieve their goals. According to Rothaermel (2015), the concept of leadership and governance includes the strategic guidelines, plans and policies, rules and regulation, motivation, partnerships and effective oversights. It is effective for the Australian Indigenous Governance Institute in order to get the positive outcomes. Besides this, leadership involves the implanting strategies, developing plans and policies, accountability, and transparency. Thus, it is said that effective leaders have ability to face challenges in complex circumstances in order to meet the objectives. They are practical at all level of the organization. In contrast to this, leaders can encourage the sense of moral and social responsibility into their each activity. They also influences group of people to act towards the common ideas and ideologies. Further, they provide the appropriate direction to people to reach their goals. In the view of chairman of the Australian Productivity Commission, effective leadership plays vital role in solving the issues that face by the communities and nations. Further, leadership and management are not the same things. It means, in the organization, managers and leaders both are different. It usually depends on ability of people to exercise their power and use their rights in the organization. Moreover, leaders can inspire the people and foster their commitment and cooperation (Thompson, 2011). Thus, it is said that everyone can be leader by using their talent and to use their distinct skill each day. In addition to this, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are act to rebuild their leadership and decision-making authority. In this way, these communities are using the appropriate ways of selecting, supporting and mentoring their young leaders. As a result, it establishes the more effective governing bodies. Effective, Legitimate Leadership Effective leadership is important to meet the social, economic, and cultural outcomes with respect to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Hence, it is said that without visionary and accountable leaders, governance can quickly become the ineffective (Thompson, 2011). Further, there can be lack of credibility. Additionally, through selecting the appropriate leaders, organization can achieve the favorable outcomes. Because effective leaders are able to coordinate with people and also solve every type of conflict within the organization. Governance for Nation Rebuilding and Development Governance for national rebuilding always deals with the practical mechanisms. It follows the principal of maximization of self determination. Two different approaches of Governance In Standard approach, the main goal and economic problem is considered as development. Culture is considered as problem in decision making. Moreover, decision making is short term, non strategic and even non controllable. External parties have an influential control and used to set the future goals. Leaders move only towards distribution of products and services and makes ineffective decision by not considering plans. Rules and policies in this approach are based upon external values, concepts, and standards prevailing in society from earlier times. This leads to failure in governance to organization (Ott, 2010). Standard approach works on external funds which lead to chaos and confusion in carrying out of operations. On other hand, in Nation rebuilding approach development is considered as interrelated economic, social, and cultural goal. Decision making progress is long term oriented, more strategic and is fully controlled. Culture is considered as strength. Nation rebuilding approach moves in the direction of welfare of nations people and always focuses on achievement of common goals. Leaders act as nation developers and make decisions for the welfare of people of nation. National rebuilding approach leads towards majority decision making, community development and sustainable organizations (Arnstein, 1969). This approach manages and diversifies the risk heading towards social and economical growth and development. The ladder ofSelf Governance The ladder of Self governance is a very important aspect for nation rebuilding as it informs about the different levels which help in achievement of responsibility and power which lead towards the direction of nation rebuilding. The movement from standard approach to Nation rebuilding approach is a steady process. The level should be decided after practically exercising the governing authority and their capabilities. Nation Rebuilding Approach A nation rebuilding provides detailed information about strategic vision of community governance. It is an approach in which self determination plays a very important role (Huntjens et al., 2012). National building approach requires some critical steps and they are as follows. Drawing of unique cultures and values related to governance and protection of culture and values prevailing in society with a consideration of respect. Determination of constituents for legitimacy of nation. Through this all the people in the nation will be provided with equal right and will be equally represented. Determination of style of leadership requirement and effectiveness and growth needed for nation. Designing of appropriate policies, rules, strategies and structures for the implementation. Develop a strong coordination with the members so that there can be effective participation in decision making progress of arrangements and aspirations required for nation rebuilding (Arnstein, 1969). The last step is involvement with environment and links influencing governance and maintains a cordial relationship with other parties. References Arnstein, S. R. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation, JAIP, 35 (4), 216-224. Capistrano, R. C. G. and Charles, A. T. (2012) Indigenous rights and coastal fisheries: A framework of livelihoods, rights and equity,Ocean coastal management,69, pp. 200-209. Garmany, J. (2010) Religion and governmentality: Understanding governance in urban Brazil,Geoforum,41(6), pp.908-918. Huntjens, P., Lebel, L., Pahl-Wostl, C., Camkin, J., Schulze, R. and Kranz, N. (2012) Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector,Global Environmental Change,22(1), pp.67-81. Indigenous Governance Toolkit (2015) Leadership for governance. [Online]. Available at: https://toolkit.aigi.com.au/toolkit/4-0-your-governing-body-and-leadership (Accessed: 13 August 2016). Lyver, P. O. B., Davies, J. and Allen, R. B. (2014) Settling Indigenous Claims to Protected Areas: Weighing MÄ ori Aspirations against Australian Experiences,Conservation and Society,12(1), pp. 89. Ostrom, E. (2010) Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems,Transnational Corporations Review,2(2), pp.1-12. Ott, J. C. (2010) Good governance and happiness in nations: Technical quality precedes democracy and quality beats size,Journal of Happiness Studies,11(3), pp.353-368. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015) Strategic management. USA: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, L. J. (2011) A moral compass for the global leadership labyrinth. In Ethical Leadership. UK : Palgrave Macmillan. Toolkit (2016) Indigenous governance and culture. [Online]. Available at: https://toolkit.aigi.com.au/toolkit/2-1-indigenous-governance-and-culture (Accessed: 13 August 2016). Zeldin, S., Camino, L. and Calvert, M. (2012) Toward an understanding of youth in community governance: Policy priorities and research directions, Anlise Psicolgica,25(1), pp.77-95.

Chocolate industry

Introduction In order to be profitable in international business, it is vital for one to examine the micro and macro factors prevalent within a chosen business environment. This would help in anticipating challenges and in curving out a business strategy needed in order to succeed in that nation. The country chosen for this purpose is Singapore.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chocolate industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Justification of choice Minimal barriers to entry Singaporean Immigration laws are some of the most business friendly around the world. This would allow investors and businessmen in the chocolate business to enter the country easily and without major hurdles. Expatriates often consider this as the best place to work and live in so it would be a great place to establish the manufacturing plant. Additionally, business regulations are not too tough in this country. If one has to import a food product from the international environment, one would not be expected to pay import duties unless the product is alcoholic (Australian Government, 2010). Such a policy is a big incentive for the proposed business because cocoa (an essential raw material in chocolate manufacture) will be sourced from the Caribbean so it is essential to select a country that will not impose heavy import duties on the same. Most foreign investors in the country are not required to follow certain distribution channels once in Singapore. It is expected that manufacturers should have their own warehouses, cargoes and networks. This would ascertain that they can easily take the commodities to the consumers without overly dealing with other intermediaries. Economic conditions As stated earlier in the industry analysis, the best place to start a chocolate business would be one which has a high GDP and high prospects for economic growth in the future.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, Singapore is ranked third by the International monetary Fund’s 2010 economic index. It is ranked 4th by the CIA word factbook and is position 5 by the World Bank in terms of its GDP. Therefore, this would be an ideal society for the proposed chocolate business because any country’s GDP is indicative of its purchasing power (CIA, 2011). Chocolate is a luxury item that may not be easily purchased by poorer nations. Singapore has 0% of its population living below the poverty line and over 90% of all Singaporeans live in urban areas. Consequently, their economic conditions illustrate that they would easily buy the product (World Economic Forum, 2011). Additionally, Singapore also boasts of an immensely successful free market economy and is recognised as the least bureaucratic nation to do business in South East Asia. This has been made possible by the low instances of corruption and the government enabled programs that have been instated in order to prevent or capture the vice before it gets out of hand. Its Ministry of trade and Industry has contributed towards these indicators by taking charge of economic growth, developing industries and by creating the right environment for fostering entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the country has set up a Standards Productivity and Innovation board (SPIB) to accredit and develop standards for businesses while at the same time help them to reach markets and compete effectively internationally. In fact, transparency in Singapore is taken so seriously that government tenders and quotations are posted publically at an ebusiness portal. Such initiatives indicate how straight forward and fair business practices are. Singapore also has a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau which was formed in order to ensure that the business sector is corruption free.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chocolate indust ry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It appears these institutions are doing their jobs very well because international rankings illustrate that Singapore is the fifth least corrupt nation and the first in Asia. Naturally, such a country would minimise the difficulties that an overseas manufacturer would have if one was trying to establish oneself in such a country. Since Singapore has set up itself as one of the leading IT hubs in the region then it would be easier for this chocolate manufacturing company to register and get licenses there. That would greatly minimise resources and time wastage as is the case with other economies in the region. Infrastructural conditions in the country are great. The government has built a vast transportation and road network, airline hubs and strong telecommunication facilities. All these factors indicate that the proposed company will be in a position to import raw materials easily owing to these ai rline hubs. These materials would easily reach the point of manufacture because of the favourable transport and communication networks. Since some of the ingredients in chocolate are perishable then it would be best to move that produce as quickly as possible and this is very achievable in Singapore. Most commodity prices in Singapore are relatively stable and this would be advantageous to the proposed business because it will be possible to plan for the future as well as make strategic plans or do business forecasts based on past performances. In terms of the industrial sector, Singapore is known for its production of chemicals, rubber, processed foods and petroleum refining. This industry accounts for 25% of the entire GDP and thus places the country as 3rd in the world (CIA, 2011). It would be ideal to set up a production plant in Singapore because the technological and equipment advances needed in the chocolate industry can be easily located or found there.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country’s strong history in industrial manufacture is indicative of the fact that all the processes needed in order to make industries succeed are already in place and they are likely to do well in the future. The presence of about seven thousand multinational corporations in Singapore testifies to the feasibility of bringing in foreign investments into this nation (Dycke, 1997). Besides, Singapore’s products are associated with excellence so it would be likely that if the chocolates were produced in that nation then the world would respect them since they are synonymous with quality. It should be noted that the chocolate industry depends more on availability of advanced technology rather than cheap labour. When compared to other Asian economies like China and Vietnam, labour costs in this country are relatively high. One would therefore find it difficult to minimise production if one was dependent on this component. However, because chocolate manufacture is not he avily reliant on cheap labour then it would still be alright to do business there. It was also explained earlier that innovation and creation of new chocolate recipes will be vital to the success of any chocolate business in the industry. A survey carried out by Boston Consultancy group found that Singapore was the top most innovative nation of the world. They focused on 110 countries and came to that conclusion after intense analysis. This innovative culture will work well for the chocolate industry because it will give the company a competitive edge and will also ensure that all the products put forward are ahead of competitors in the market. Food and confectionary production is regulated through the food and hygiene safety standards. Any imported foods are normally taken through a rigorous process authorised and implemented by the Food advisory committee. It is only this group which will allow the distribution of goods to manufacturers. Consequently, those standards will ensure t hat the chocolate manufacturer only accesses clean and safe milk for use in its processes. This will keep the taste of the product consistent and it will also protect consumers from diseases. Market features Singaporeans operate under the principle of â€Å"Kiasu†. This loosely translates to ‘never accepting defeat’. In Singapore, citizens have a material culture which causes most people to work hard in order to purchase more. These qualities are essential for products such as chocolate because they denote some form of indulgence which is often possible when the concerned consumer feels as though he or she deserves that particular treat. Chocolates often do well in cosmopolitan cultures and this country is one such society. Most areas have elaborate shopping malls, resorts and large supermarkets (Krummel et. al., 1997). Chocolates are best sold near the counter in retail chains so as to increase impulse buying or to draw in certain consumers. In order for the pro posed business to do well then it should be set up in a country that is rich in such stalls. That would increase the rate of product movement and thus boost sales of the commodities nationally. Previously, the country was known for its smaller traders but now the population is illustrating a preference for supermarkets because they are considered a lot cleaner and synonymous with high quality products. Nonetheless, not all small traders have been eradicated; they still sell confectionaries and food items like chocolate and can be crucial components of the distribution system. These small traders mirror some aspects in supermarkets like displaying sweet and fast moving products like chocolate at the front. The proposed company can advise such traders to exhibit their items near their windows so that customers can be easily attracted to them. About 70% of all households utilise broadband thus illustrating that Information technology infrastructure is quite strong in Singapore. Since e -commerce would be a great way to save on distribution and marketing expenses of the chocolate industry as stated in the previous industry analysis then this country would be great. The products can be made and sold to Singaporeans through a relatively cheap method which connects a vast number of citizens. The country also has very complex distribution channels stemming from its historical preferences. Most people were private traders who would get merchandise from different parts of the world and sell them to specific target markets. Essentially, this implies that the distribution channels are not as straight forward. While some people may look at such a scenario as a problem, it is possible to tap into that missing component in order to have a marketing advantage. The concerned company can set up its own distribution channel which would be run efficiently and professionally. Marketing and promotional concepts in this country are crucial in the success of new players. The chocolate manufacturer can start with a very strong and captivating marketing campaign and then follow this up with frequent reminders about the brand so that consumers can keep remembering the product. Unlike other western nations like the US, Singapore is not saturated with marketing battles. The population would still notice a campaign involving a certain new product and would actually respond well to it at all levels. Another important demographic factor that had been cited in the industry analysis concerning the chocolate industry was prevalence of a young population. It was explained that older members are more concerned about their health and would not want to purchase a product that was risky to their health. The world CIA factbook shows that the average age in this country is 41(CIA, 2011). In other words, there is an ageing population. However, this issue might not be such a disadvantage for the proposed chocolate company because unlike western states, most citizens in Singapore ar e not as weight conscious. Furthermore, the younger population is quite aggressive and would still provide a ready market for the commodities. Another issue that may be considered as a barrier in this nation is its relatively small population size. There are about four million people in the country thus placing Singapore as the 117th most populated nation in the world (CIA, 2011). The lack of a large population size is not necessarily a problem for the chocolate manufacturer because one only has to select the right marketing strategy. In certain circumstances, chocolate may be sold as a niche product while in others one can select the mass market. If the population is affluent then chocolate would not be considered as an unaffordable or unnecessary treat. If a mass market approach is used then almost all members of the population can be targeted for this campaign and this would ensure high returns. In fact, it is better for a country to have a small population that can purchase the product rather than have a large one with only few people who can buy it. If there is a trade off between population size and spending power then spending power would definitely come first. Conclusion Singapore was chosen as the ideal country for the proposed business because it has; minimal barriers to trade, a strong FDI and economic environment and has the right social cultural mix. Singapore does not impose import duties on food items and neither does it has strong immigration laws thus implying that it has minimal barriers to trade; a foreign investor would not encounter too many obstacles during entry and exit of goods and items into the country. The country has a strong FDI and economic environment because it the third richest nation of the world. This means that consumers have high purchasing power and would provide a ready market for chocolate. The area is not bureaucratic and has very low corruption. Transparency is always a good indicator of how favourable a country is fo r international business hence this proposed business. Infrastructural strength is yet another economic indicator of the feasibility of this country for chocolate manufacture since perishable raw materials like milk need fast and efficient transport systems. Prices are immensely stable in this country and technological development favours a technologically dependent industry like chocolate manufacture. Social cultural factors such as prevalence of broadband internet, the materialism culture and cosmopolitanism will contribute towards the purchase of chocolates once manufactured in this country. All these factors will contribute towards a successful chocolate manufacturing venture in Singapore. The country meets almost all micro and macro industrial needs. Its shortcomings like small population size can be easily overcome through a sound marketing and strategic plan. References Australian Government (2010). Food and beverage to Singapore: Trends and opportunities Web. Australian Trad e commission website. Available from  https://www.austrade.gov.au/ . CIA (2011). The World factbook: Singapore [online]. CIA website. Available from  https://www.cia.gov/index.html . Dycke, A. (1997). Country Analysis: a framework to identify and evaluate the national business environment. Harvard: Harvard Business review. Krummel, D., Apgar, J., Seligson, F. (1994). Patterns of chocolate consumption. American Journal of clinical Nutrition, 60(7), 1060-1064. World Economic Forum (2011). Global competitiveness. Global competiveness report 2010-2011, 3 June. This essay on Chocolate industry was written and submitted by user Zander P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

NOWAK - Surname Meaning and Origin

NOWAK - Surname Meaning and Origin The Polish surname Nowak means new guy in town, from the Polish root nowy (Czech novà ½), meaning new. The Nowak surname was also occasionally bestowed on one who converted to Christianity (a new man). Nowak is the most common surname in Poland, and is also very common in other Slavic countries, especially the Czech Republic, where Novk tops the list of most common surnames. Novak is also the most common surname in Slovenia, and the sixth most common  surname in Croatia. Nowak was also sometimes Anglicized as Novak, so it can be difficult to count solely on spelling to determine the surnames origins. Surname Origin:  Polish Alternate Surname Spellings: NOVAK, NOWIK, NOVIK, NOVACEK, NOVKOVIC, NOWACZYK   Similar to  NOWAKOWSKI Where do People with the Surname NOWAK Live? According to WorldNames publicprofiler, individuals with the Nowak last name are found in the greatest numbers in Poland, followed by Germany and Austria. The greatest concentration of individuals with the Nowak surname are found in south and central Poland, especially the voivodeships (provinces)  of Wielkopolskie, Swietokrzyskie, Malopolskie, Slaskie and Lubuskie.  The Polish-specific surname distribution map on  moikrewni.pl calculates the population distribution of surnames down to the district level, identifying over 205,000 people with the Nowak surname living in Poland, with the majority found in PoznaÅ„, followed by  Krakà ³w, Warszawa,  Ã… Ãƒ ³dÃ… º,  WrocÅ‚aw, Sosnowiec,  BÄ™dzin and Katowice.   The Novak surname is found in the greatest density in Slovenia, according to Forebears, followed by the Czech Republic, Croatia and Slovakia. It is also about twice as common in the United States as compared to Nowak. Famous People with the Surname NOWAK or NOVAK Bob Novak - American  TV talk show personalityKim Novak - American film actressJan Nowak-JezioraÅ„ski - Polish journalist and WWII hero (he added Nowak as a noms de guerre)Lisa Marie Nowak - former American astronaut Genealogy Resources for the Surname NOWAK Nowak Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Nowak surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Nowak surname query. FamilySearch - NOWAK GenealogyAccess over 840,000 free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Nowak surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - NOWAK Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Nowak. NOWAK Surname Family Mailing ListRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Nowak surname. They also have one for Novak. Browse or search the archive, or subscribe to submit your own Nowak or Novak query. The Nowak Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Polish surname Nowak from the website of Genealogy Today. Polish Genealogy Databases OnlineSearch for information on Nowak ancestors in this collection of Polish genealogy databases and indexes from Poland, the United States and other countries. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

IT Project Management 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

IT Project Management 2 - Assignment Example He is supposed to chart out the nature and extent of efforts to achieve the project deliverables. A crucial role of the project manager would be to hire the project team. The nature of the project team can be a critical factor in the success or failure of the given project, since the team is small with specialist roles and the subject matter experts have thus been recruited (DiTullio, 2011, p. 13). Another crucial role for the project manager is to select an appropriate vendor for the project. The Project manager is supposed to personally take care of all the vendor interactions. A vendor agreement is to be developed by the project manager, so as to guide the project team as well as the vendor representatives towards achievement of project objectives (Lewin, 2001). Assistant Project Manager. The role of the assistant project manager shall be to act as a deputy to the project manager in all the aspects of his project related duties. In the presence of the project manager, he shall ass ist him in all his functions. In his absence he shall be required to fulfill the roles in the capacity of a project manager. HR Expert. The HR expert is supposed to play a very important role in that he is to chart out the set of HR guidelines to be adhered to while designing the HRIS software. He is also supposed to assist the project manager in carrying out the HR needs identification for the project. The timely inputs by the HR expert will pave the way for the research team to establish the survey goals for the HR and the project needs identification (Elbeik & Thomas, 1998). The HR expert shall advise the project manager on the scope and functional ability of the various aspects of the HRIS software to be developed insofar as it meets the HR needs of the organization. The HR expert shall guide the project team at various stages of the project as to the feasibility of the functionalities of the various modules of the project plan. The HR expert shall assist the project manager on the dry runs for the project. The HR expert will be responsible effective assistance to the project manager on the following two particularly important aspects of the project management; 1. The Expert Judgment on the project quality through cost-benefit analysis of the project activities. 2. The Training of the project team on the HRIS as well as the Training of the staff. The HR expert shall chalk out a Training deliverables plan particularly for the employees of the Organization. HR Assistant. The HR assistant shall assist the HR expert on all the aspects of the functions of the HR expert. In addition, the HR expert shall personally ensure that the judgments arrived at by the HR expert are properly implemented. The recommendations of the HR expert shall be communicated on a routine basis by the HR assistant.

Learning Theory Applications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Theory Applications - Research Paper Example They looked at the major themes in history and let students relate it to their own lives, allowing each student’s culture to be part of the curriculum. Dean and Gilbert took the roles as facilitators during the activity. Students analyzed the information, talked about the text, related it to their personal lives and thus, created meaningful learning experiences in the class. Yvonne Scott used the butterfly project which allowed students to plan among each other their roles based on their interest and strengths. The students created â€Å"departments,† and the class was run like a business/company. Suggestion: Not all students were able to express their ideas, and there were just quite a number who dominated the exchange of opinions. Working in small groups and making sure that everyone speaks at the beginning can encourage more students to participate in the discussion. Avram Barlow recreates the zeitgeist at the time when the laws were created and makes the students put themselves in the shoes of the law makers and civilians, and let them express their opinions and feelings about these laws. Barlow clarifies and rephrases the ideas put forth by the students. This form of feedback validates what they said, and ensures that students that they are listened to. Barlow also makes sure that they stay within the questions and objectives of the discussion. He restates the questions when it appears that they are getting off topic. Shaheen acknowledges students vary in the assistance that they need. He is more confident of students who take notes during discussion and those who take risks. He gave tips on how a student gives feedback and demonstrates how this will be helpful to her peer. Suggestion: Students who are not very comfortable may not initially want to work in groups. Paired work may be given first while gradually moving into small groups. This initially establishes mutual trust and a safe

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts Essay - 2

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts - Essay Example The cost of improper education systems sums up in a downward trend in the national productivity with increased burden of care to the incarcerated persons and the unemployed through public relief (Garfield, Brimley, et al, 2008). Discussion Question 1 The degree to which education meets individual and societal aspirations depends largely on the quality of education received, which in turn tier closely with the resources made available and the extent to which they are properly used. The number of educational institutions is a fundamental contributory factor towards such quality. Thus, reducing the number of school districts in a state generally reduces the difference in ability to support education between the â€Å"wealthiest† system and the â€Å"poorest† system/district in terms of assessed valuation per pupil to be educated. As predicted by scholars like DuBois in the1970s, color line educational problem in terms of state funding in the 20th century seem to be flaring well into the 21st century with recognizable disparities. It is evidently clear that educational outcomes for students of color are proportionate functions of unequal access to educational resources. The US education system is understandably the most unequal in the industrialized world with students receiving different leaning opportunities based on social stratification. It is estimated that the expenditure ratio of wealthiest ten percent and the poorest ten percent of the district schools across states is almost 10 to 1. Averagely, the current strikingly differences are put at 3 to 1. According to Jonathan Kozol, expenditure per student in Chicago public schools in the 1990s was approximately $5000 while their Niles Township High school neighbors spent double the amount student. He also recounted the use of old textbooks, lack of science labs, inadequate teachers and more in elementary schools serving predominantly African Americans. In contrast, schools in New Trier serving 98 p ercent whites were well equipped with superior labs with up-to-date technology, experienced teachers and a wider range of courses provided. By every measure to the degree of qualification – state certification, pedagogical training, content background for teaching, test scores, college attended and the experience attained so far –fewer qualified teachers disproportionately serve in schools with greater numbers of low-income/minority students. It is utterly impossible to reconcile the two extreme scenarios with an expectation of similar student performance. It is on the basis of the foregoing facts that consolidation would be a desirable option in reducing the gap in supporting education between the wealthiest and the poorest. Discussion Question 2 While consolidation of schools would be a desirable option in terms of fiscal and educational auspices, the idea is not a â€Å"generic fits all† proposition. It is well beyond doubt that 5 school districts in Tennesse e County with separate, independent directors translates into appropriate supervisory personnel (instruction, curriculum, federal programs, special services, attendance). However, the ability to save on costs serves as a strong selling point for consolidation. Merging schools into large blocks free up unused resources for other purposes, reduces utility and maintenance costs,

Standard Chartered Bank in India Analysis

Standard Chartered Bank in India Analysis Executive Summary The competition in the banking sector is increasing at a tremendous rate. MNC banks in India are doing well in India and Standard Chartered Bank being one of them wants to increase the consumer base. Therefore, it is trying to do this through retail banking. At this point of time the bank is expanding and is coming up with new branches all over India. It has recently opened a new branch there and if yes then how it can acquire new Customers. In two months time I was supposed to promote and sell their products (especially deposits) and to do a market study to know customers needs and requirements so that bank can improvise on them if possible. This time period was not enough to do an intense study. Therefore, I could collect limited data and kept my study limited to small a sample INTRODUCTION An overview of SCB Standard Chartered is the worlds leading emerging markets bank. It employs 29,000 people in over 500 offices in more than 50 countries in the Asia Pacific Region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, United Kingdom and the Americas. The Bank serves both Consumer and Wholesale banking customers. The Consumer Bank provides credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposit taking activity and wealth management services to individuals and medium sized businesses. The Wholesale Bank provides services to multinational, regional and domestic corporate and institutional clients in trade finance, cash management, custody, lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management and debt capital markets. With 150 years in the emerging markets the Bank has unmatched knowledge and understanding of its customers in its markets. Standard Chartered recognizes its responsibilities to its staff and to the communities in which it operates A brief history of Standard Chartered Standard Chartered is the worlds leading emerging markets bank headquartered in London. Its businesses however, have always been overwhelmingly international. This is summary of the main events in the history of Standard Chartered and some of the organizations with which it merged. The early years Standard Chartered is named after two banks, which merged in 1969. They were originally known as the Standard Bank of British South Africa and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Of the two banks, the Chartered Bank is the older having been founded in 1853 following the grant of a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria. The moving force behind the Chartered Bank was a Scot, James Wilson, who made his fortune in London making hats. James Wilson went on to start The Economist, still one of the worlds pre-eminent publications. Nine years later, in 1862, the Standard Bank was founded by a group of businessmen led by another Scot, John Paterson, who had immigrated to the Cape Province in South Africa and had become a successful merchant. Both banks were keen to capitalize on the huge expansion of trade between Europe, Asia and Africa and to reap the handsome profits to be made from financing that trade. The Chartered Bank opened its first branches in 1858 in Chennai and Mumbai. A branch opened in Shanghai that summer beginning Standard Chartered unbroken presence in China. The following year the Chartered Bank opened a branch in Hong Kong and an agency was opened in Singapore. In 1861 the Singapore agency was upgraded to a branch, which helped provide finance for the rapidly developing rubber and tin industries in Malaysia. In 1862 the Chartered Bank was authorized to issue bank notes in Hong Kong. Subsequently it was also authorized to issue bank notes in Singapore, a privilege it continued to exercise up until the end of the 19th Century. Over the following decades both the Standard Bank and the Chartered Bank printed bank notes in a variety of countries including China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malaysia and even during the siege of Marketing in South Africa. Today Standard Chartered is still one of the three banks, which prints Hong Kongs bank notes. Expansion in Africa and Asia The Standard Bank opened for business in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, in 1863. It pursued a policy of expansion and soon amalgamated with several other banks including the Commercial Bank of Port Elizabeth, the Colesberg Bank, the British Kaffarian Bank and the Fauresmith Bank. The Standard Bank was prominent in the financing and development of the diamond fields of Kimberly in 1867 and later extended its network further north to the new town of Johannesburg when gold was discovered there in 1885. Over time, half the output of the second largest goldfield in the world passed through the Standard Bank on its way to London. In 1892 the Standard Bank opened for business in Zimbabwe, and expanded into Mozambique in 1894, Botswana in 1897, Malawi in 1901, Zambia in 1906, Kenya, Zanzibar and the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), in 1911 and Uganda in 1912. Of these new businesses, Botswana, Zanzibar and the D.R.C. proved the most difficult and the branches soon closed. A branch in Bo tswana opened again in 1934 but lasted for only a year and it was not until 1950 that the Bank re-opened for business in Botswana. In Asia the Chartered Bank expanded opening offices in, Myanmar in 1862, what is now Pakistan and Indonesia in 1863, the Philippines in 1872, Malaysia in 1875, Japan in 1880 and Thailand in 1894. Some 34 years after the Chartered Bank appointed an agent in Sri Lanka it opened a branch in 1892 to take advantage of business from the tea and rubber industries. During 1904 a branch opened in Vietnam. Both the Chartered and the Standard Bank opened offices in New York and Hamburg in the early 1900s. The Chartered Bank gaining the first branch licence to be issued to a foreign bank in New York. The impact of war Even the First World War offered opportunities for expansion when the Standard Bank set up a branch in Tanzania shortly after British troops occupied the formerly German administered Dar es Salaam in September 1916. Both banks survived the inter-war years but the world trade slump led to the closure of operations in the Canary Islands, Liberia, the Netherlands, and Equatorial Guinea. Disaster struck the Chartered Banks office in Yokohama, Japan, when an earthquake in 1923 killing a number of staff destroyed it. The Second World War particularly affected the Chartered Bank when numerous Asian countries were occupied by Japan. Standard Chartered in India The Chartered Bank opened its first overseas branch in India, at Calcutta, on 12 April 1858 Eight years later the Calcutta agent described the Banks credit locally as splendid and its business as flourishing particularly the substantial turnover in rice bills with the leading Arab firms. When the Chartered Bank first established itself in India, Calcutta was the most important Commercial city and was the centre of the jute and indigo trades. With the growth of cotton trade and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Bombay took over from Calcutta as Indias main trade centre. Today the Banks branches and sub-branches in India are directed and administered from Mumbai (Bombay) with Calcutta remaining an important trading and banking centre. Standard Chartered is the largest international banking Group in India. Key businesses include Consumer Banking-Primarily credit cards, mortgages, personal loans and wealth management and wholesale Banking, where the Bank specializes in the provision of cash management trade, finance, treasury and custody services. It is the largest international banking group in India with an employee base of nearly 3500 people across the country. It also boast the largest branch network amongst all international banks in India-with 61 branches in 15 cities. With over 2.3 million retail customers, and a Credit Card base in excess of 1.3 million, it is the leaders in the consumer banking business. The wholesale bank has over 1200 corporate customers with a 33% market share in value with over 270 top transnational companies in India. INDUSTRY PROFILE What is Banking: Banking, in a traditional sense is the business of accepting deposits of money from public for the purpose of lending and investment. These deposits can have a distinct feature of being withdrawable by cheques, which no other financial institution can offer. In addition, banks also offer various other financial services which include. Issuing Demand Drafts Travellers Cheques Credit Cards Collection of Cheques, Bills of exchange Safe Deposit Lockers Issuing Letters of Credit Letters of Guarantee Sale and Purchase of Foreign Exchange Custodial Services Investment Insurance services The business of banking is highly regulated since banks deal with money offered to them by the public and ensuring the safety of this public money is one of the prime responsibilities of any bank. That is why banks are expected to be prudent in their lending and investment activities. Every bank has a Compliance Department, which is responsible to ensure that all the services offered by the bank, and the processes followed are in compliance with the local regulations and the Banks corporate policy. The major regulations and acts that govern the banking business are Banking Regulations act, 1949 Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 Indian Contract Act Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Banks lend money either for productive purposes to individuals, firms, corporates etc, or for buying house property, cars and other consumer durable and for investment purposes to individuals and others. However, banks do not finance any speculative activity. Lending is risk taking. Banking in the New Millennium Were living in a world dominated by the new idea economy, ticking to the beat of Internet time, where customers are quality conscious, time conscious and price conscious. Technology is creating new agile players making the existing ones obsolete. In this scenario, the role of internet and its impact on banking still appears to be a puzzle. Banks around the world are subject to the same radical changes -new competition, technology, deregulation, and globalization. But, eventually, the classic rules of business will reassert themselves in this virtual environment and the winners will be the first and best movers. The challenges in this millennium for the banking industry are enormous. The technology and Banking sector reforms, together are lifting the competitive intensity of the Banking business. In Banking, embedding knowledge into products can enhance value, and connecting different knowledge sources can create innovative products. The banks that are first to market with the right mix of technologies, strategies and partnerships would be the sure winners. The banking environment worldwide is undergoing massive transformation. Despite the, not so favorable, market sentiments and an apparent backlash against dotcoms, serious players in established industries like banking, remain convinced that the Internet will have a profound impact on the banking sector. Mergers and acquisitions are changing the financial landscape, and cross-border linkages are drastically altering the business characters, in general and banking operations, in particular. But drawing firm conclusions can be dangerous, as mergers and consolidation take many different forms and the impact can give mixed results. But, there is growing concern as to whether mergers deliver the expected benefits and whether cross-border deals are feasible, particularly in Europe, where cultural considerations are seen as barriers to success. In Europe, players are beginning to assert themselves, as the Nat West battle is resolved. Nat west, one of the UKs biggest banks, was forced to accept a hostile takeover bid from a smaller rival, Royal Bank of Scotland in December 2000. Earlier in November 1999, Nat west rejected a similar bid by another small bank, Bank of Scotland. This move left the scene set for Royal Bank of Scotland to submit its long anticipated bid for Nat West. It was follo wed by a flurry of bid and counter bid by the two Scottish banks as Nat west fought to keep its independence. The Royal Bank of Scotland finally won by convincing the Nat West shareholders to accept its  £25 bn offer. This outcome has set the tone for a long overdue round of consolidation in the European financial sector. Coming home, Indian banking sector has come a long way from being a sleepy business institution to a highly proactive and dynamic entity. Indian banking system is in the midst of a technological revolution. It is impacting the Indian industry in three ways firstly, by providing efficient and effective delivery Channels, secondly, it is dramatically influencing the client profile, which in turn leads to the third change i.e. the Human Resources Management. As a service sector, it calls for a change in the attitude of the personnel that would have a salutary effect on customers. Indian Banking that was operating in a highly comfortable and protected environment till the beginning of 1990s has been pushed into the choppy waters of intense competition. Mergers and acquisitions, have been heating up in the new private banking sector since the HDFC-Times Bank merger came through in November 1999. The deal shook an otherwise placid Indian banking world and generated a kind of pressure on banks to shake hands with their peers to cope up with the competition. Going forward, the premium valuations of private banks compared to public sector banks depend on their ability to maintain high earnings growth and quality of assets. The current downturn in the economic activity could result in the increase of non-performing assets for most of the banks. The winner in the market would be the one who can sustain the high growth in business without compromising the asset quality. In this millennium, banks should strive to achieve significant increases in their productivity, efficiency, and profitability. The areas of challenges that lie ahead for the Indian banking sector would be: Restructuring and Reorganizing banks setup, leaner offices, merging and forging of strategic alliances to take advantage of the geographic spread of branch network of banks, develop new products and services that would meet the emerging needs of customers and professional Management structures that would be responsive to the changes in the business environment. The book Banking In The New Millennium examines this changing landscape for the banking services. The purpose of this book is to present the current trends, the emerging scenario and the building blocks in banking sector. A brief section is also dedicated to retail banking that is growing in a big way. The book is divided into four sections analyzing the various aspects of the banking scenario. Packed with the right mix of articles on e-banking, retail banking, and mergers and acquisitions, this book is intended to serve as an executive reference book on Banking. Challenges And Future In Banking Sector Mergers in the Banking, NPA, New Technology, Electronic Cash Transfer After the nationalization of Banks, increasing adoption of technology, continuous mergers in the banking, modernizing backroom operation in the banks and competition pave the path of growth of Indian banking. By the mid-1990, the near monopoly of public sector banks faced the competition by the more customer-focused private sector entrants. This competition forced older and nationalized banks to revitalize their operations. Year 1992 was the golden period of Indian Banking system due to the scam-tainted stock market. Large proportion of household saving moved into the banking system, which recorded an annual growth of 20 percent in deposit. But along with the continuous growth and modernization, there are several challenges confronting the banking sector. The main challenges facing the banking sector are the deployment of funds in quality assets and the management of revenues and costs. The problem of NPA (non- performing assets), overall credit recovery systems still exist. There is a continuous reforms and modernization is in process. A number of recon mediations of two Narasimham committees have been implemented. Foreign Banks focusing on corporate and on the middle class consumer and providing then better service. Nationalized Banks are also attempting to get on the path of automation. Strong Banks will acquire the weaker banks. The member of foreign banks operating in India has increased significantly and their share of total assets has also increased. In the year 2001 estimated foreign bank account for 14.7 percent of the total net profit of commercial banking sector in India. In spite tangible progress and the contribution of Narasimham I and Narasimham committee reports the banking sector in India suffering from systemic and structural problem. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project report is to make an analytical study of Standard Chartered Bank It includes History of the Bank Product Analysis Service Banks Accounts Comparison of the saving accounts with other leading Banks of India REASEARCH METHODOLOGY Data collection has been done from both sources primary as well as secondary. Primary data : by meeting various managers of the Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank, ABN-AMRO Bank, ICICI, HDFC, HSBC, GTB, UTI and IDBI. Secondary data: From newspaper, magazines, Libraries. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Investment in India Banking Banking System Introduction The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is Indias central bank. Though public sector banks currently dominate the banking industry, numerous private and foreign banks exist. Indias government-owned banks dominate the market. Their performance has been mixed, with a few being consistently profitable. Several public sector banks are being restructured, and in some the government either already has or will reduce its ownership. Private and foreign banks The RBI has granted operating approval to a few privately owned domestic banks; of these many commenced banking business. Foreign banks operate more than 150 branches in India. The entry of foreign banks is based on reciprocity, economic and political bilateral relations. An inter-departmental committee approves applications for entry and expansion. Capital adequacy norm Foreign banks were required to achieve an 8 percent capital adequacy norm by March 1993, while Indian banks with overseas branches had until March 1995 to meet that target. All other banks had to do so by March 1996. The banking sector is to be used as a model for opening up of Indias insurance sector to private domestic and foreign participants, while keeping the national insurance companies in operation. Banking India has an extensive banking network, in both urban and rural areas. All large Indian banks are nationalized, and all Indian financial institutions are in the public sector. RBI banking The Reserve Bank of India is the central banking institution. It is the sole authority for issuing bank notes and the supervisory body for banking operations in India. It supervises and administers exchange control and banking regulations, and administers the governments monetary policy. It is also responsible for granting licenses for new bank branches. 25 foreign banks operate in India with full banking licenses. Several licenses for private banks have been approved. Despite fairly broad banking coverage nationwide, the financial system remains inaccessible to the poorest people in India. Indian banking system The banking system has three tiers. These are the scheduled commercial banks; the regional rural banks that operate in rural areas not covered by the scheduled banks; and the cooperative and special purpose rural banks. Scheduled and non-scheduled banks There are approximately 80 scheduled commercial banks, Indian and foreign; almost 200 regional rural banks; more than 350 central cooperative banks, 20 land development banks; and a number of primary agricultural credit societies. In terms of business, the public sector banks, namely the State Bank of India and the nationalized banks, dominate the banking sector. Local financing All sources of local financing are available to foreign-participation companies incorporated in India, regardless of the extent of foreign participation. Under foreign exchange regulations, foreigners and non-residents, including foreign companies, require the permission of the Reserve Bank of India to borrow from a person or company resident in India . Regulations on foreign banks Foreign banks in India are subject to the same regulations as scheduled banks. They are permitted to accept deposits and provide credit in accordance with the banking laws and RBI regulations. Currently about 25 foreign banks are licensed to operate in India. Foreign bank branches in India finance trade through their global networks. RBI restrictions The Reserve Bank of India lays down restrictions on bank lending and other activities with large companies. These restrictions, popularly known as consortium guidelines seem to have outlived their usefulness, because they hinder the availability of credit to the non-food sector and at the same time do not foster competition between banks. Indian vs foreign banks Most Indian banks are well behind foreign banks in the areas of customer funds transfer and clearing systems. They are hugely over-staffed and are unlikely to be able to compete with the new private banks that are now entering the market. While these new banks and foreign banks still face restrictions in their activities, they are well-capitalized, use modern equipment and attract high-caliber employees. Government and RBI regulations All commercial banks face stiff restrictions on the use of both their assets and liabilities. Forty percent of loans must be directed to priority sectors and the high liquidity ratio and cash reserve requirements severely limit the availability of deposits for lending.The RBI requires that domestic Indian banks make 40 percent of their loans at concessional rates to priority sectors selected by the government. These sectors consist largely of agriculture, exporters, and small businesses. Since July 1993, foreign banks have been required to make 32 percent of their loans to these priority sector. Within the target of 32 percent, two sub-targets for loans to the small scale sector (minimum of 10 percent) and exports (minimum of 12 percent) have been fixed. Foreign banks, however, are not required to open branches in rural areas, or to make loans to the agricultural sector. Commercial banks lent dols 8 billion in the Indian financial year (IFY, April-March) 1997/98, up sharply from dols 4.4 billion in the previous year. The deployment of gross loans was as follows: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS BUSINESS Consumer Bank Consumer Banking Offers a wide range of premium banking products and services through the network of 90 branches in 19 cities across the country to cater to customers diverse financial needs. Wealth management offers a complete and comprehensive range of products to fulfill a gamut of customer investment and financial needs. These include domestic and NRI transaction accounts (with several value-add products and services like ATM and globally valid Debit Card, phone banking, extended banking, any branch banking, door step banking and investment advisory services), distribution of capital market and insurance products and dematerialization services and finances against shares. Standard Chartered also offers Priority Banking that is personalized banking for the privileged few. Standard Chartered Group is a leading credit card issuer in India and has several firsts to its credit. These include issuance of the first Global Credit Card in India, the first Photo card, the first Picture Card. Our card division under Unsecured Payments is also the first in South Asia to be accorded an ISO 9002 certification. The credit Cards and Personal Loans Offer include co-branded cards with unique value propositions and cards like Sapnay for the middle-market segment. The division offers a range of personal loan products and also a personal line of credit through products such as Smart Credit. Our Secured Loan Division offers mortgage auto loans and also unique overdraft products like ‘Mileage that offer revolving credit facility against the security of a used or new car. Standard Chartered Finance (SCF), an NBFC is our Centre for Excellence in Service and product distribution arm. Products include loans/leases for new passenger cars, used cars commercial vehicles and medical equipment. Standard Chartered Finance has an extensive network of branches in India. Wholesale Bank Corporate and Institutional Bank Standard Chartered is particularly strong in Institutional relationships and is the preferred correspondent bank for over 300 domestic and international bank, the largest such private sector network in India. The Bank focuses on service quality and all its operational units in trade, cash management, treasury and custody are ISO certified. Standard Chartered is Indias largest foreign trade finance bank and offers a full complement of trade finance products, including export credit in foreign currency, export letters of credit confirmations, merchanting trade and buyer credits. It is one of the few banks in India to offer services like channel financing forfeiting, without recourse export finance, project export and service export approvals and sponsorships. As a leading cash management supplier across emerging markets, Standard Chartered Offers Complete end to end cash management solutions for corporate and institutions. The Greenwich survey for 2001 nominated Standard Chartered the Best Cash Management Service Quality Bank in India Range of Products include vostro accounts, draft drawing, telegraphic transfers and an international payments facility that allows foreign currency payments without a separate account. Standard Chartereds custody and clearing service unit has served Foreign Institutional Investors in India with Superior client servicing, supported by Sophisticated and flexible computerized systems. It is the only custodian in India to earn the ISO 9001:2000 standards certification. Standard Chartered has received top ratings in Industrys benchmark surveys the Global custodian survey 2000 and the Global Investor Survey 2000. Global Markets Standard Charted provides a complete 24 hour coverage of the worlds foreign exchange markets. It provides a broad range of products like Exotic currencies, Derivatives, Debt Capital markets, Currency Options and Electronic trading. Standard Chartered was the first bank in India to introduce its on-Line Treasury, a browser enabled dealing system that enables real-time transactions. Standard Chartered is also recognized as a leading market for the Indian Rupee. The Banks Treasury-the No.1 Treasury in India-is amongst the most active treasuries in the country, being a market maker in local currency and money markets. While we seek to provide advice, treasury products and services to our global clients in the Indian market, we also have active relationships with some of the biggest and most diversified Indian companies and many medium sized companies. With a large specialized sales force, we cater to all foreign exchange, money market and risk management needs of our corporate clients. Treasury has an active inter bank desk which, apart from being a market maker in the Indian Rupee spot and the forwards market, actively quotes for other currencies. The money Market Desk is a leading player in the Rupee markets and in Government and corporate debt trading. The derivative Desk is a market maker in the Rupee Interest rate swap market. We also run one of Indias largest derivative books and offer products up to 7 years tenor. The corporate desk is amongst the largest among the foreign banks in India. With a presence in 5 major cities with state of the art dealing rooms and a corporate sales force of over 20 dealers, we have an unmatched reach and service capability across India. In addition to servicing currency market and investment needs of corporate clients, our corporate desk is active in advisory services pertaining to structuring and risk management. Standard Chartered Mutual Fund is one of the largest and fastest growing debt funds in the market. Standard Chartered Mutual Fund is the only fund that focuses only on the debt segment and prides itself on having developed one of the finest interest rate tracking models. Consumer Bank-Products Types of Deposits Bank Deposits B Standard Chartered Bank in India Analysis Standard Chartered Bank in India Analysis Executive Summary The competition in the banking sector is increasing at a tremendous rate. MNC banks in India are doing well in India and Standard Chartered Bank being one of them wants to increase the consumer base. Therefore, it is trying to do this through retail banking. At this point of time the bank is expanding and is coming up with new branches all over India. It has recently opened a new branch there and if yes then how it can acquire new Customers. In two months time I was supposed to promote and sell their products (especially deposits) and to do a market study to know customers needs and requirements so that bank can improvise on them if possible. This time period was not enough to do an intense study. Therefore, I could collect limited data and kept my study limited to small a sample INTRODUCTION An overview of SCB Standard Chartered is the worlds leading emerging markets bank. It employs 29,000 people in over 500 offices in more than 50 countries in the Asia Pacific Region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, United Kingdom and the Americas. The Bank serves both Consumer and Wholesale banking customers. The Consumer Bank provides credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposit taking activity and wealth management services to individuals and medium sized businesses. The Wholesale Bank provides services to multinational, regional and domestic corporate and institutional clients in trade finance, cash management, custody, lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management and debt capital markets. With 150 years in the emerging markets the Bank has unmatched knowledge and understanding of its customers in its markets. Standard Chartered recognizes its responsibilities to its staff and to the communities in which it operates A brief history of Standard Chartered Standard Chartered is the worlds leading emerging markets bank headquartered in London. Its businesses however, have always been overwhelmingly international. This is summary of the main events in the history of Standard Chartered and some of the organizations with which it merged. The early years Standard Chartered is named after two banks, which merged in 1969. They were originally known as the Standard Bank of British South Africa and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Of the two banks, the Chartered Bank is the older having been founded in 1853 following the grant of a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria. The moving force behind the Chartered Bank was a Scot, James Wilson, who made his fortune in London making hats. James Wilson went on to start The Economist, still one of the worlds pre-eminent publications. Nine years later, in 1862, the Standard Bank was founded by a group of businessmen led by another Scot, John Paterson, who had immigrated to the Cape Province in South Africa and had become a successful merchant. Both banks were keen to capitalize on the huge expansion of trade between Europe, Asia and Africa and to reap the handsome profits to be made from financing that trade. The Chartered Bank opened its first branches in 1858 in Chennai and Mumbai. A branch opened in Shanghai that summer beginning Standard Chartered unbroken presence in China. The following year the Chartered Bank opened a branch in Hong Kong and an agency was opened in Singapore. In 1861 the Singapore agency was upgraded to a branch, which helped provide finance for the rapidly developing rubber and tin industries in Malaysia. In 1862 the Chartered Bank was authorized to issue bank notes in Hong Kong. Subsequently it was also authorized to issue bank notes in Singapore, a privilege it continued to exercise up until the end of the 19th Century. Over the following decades both the Standard Bank and the Chartered Bank printed bank notes in a variety of countries including China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malaysia and even during the siege of Marketing in South Africa. Today Standard Chartered is still one of the three banks, which prints Hong Kongs bank notes. Expansion in Africa and Asia The Standard Bank opened for business in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, in 1863. It pursued a policy of expansion and soon amalgamated with several other banks including the Commercial Bank of Port Elizabeth, the Colesberg Bank, the British Kaffarian Bank and the Fauresmith Bank. The Standard Bank was prominent in the financing and development of the diamond fields of Kimberly in 1867 and later extended its network further north to the new town of Johannesburg when gold was discovered there in 1885. Over time, half the output of the second largest goldfield in the world passed through the Standard Bank on its way to London. In 1892 the Standard Bank opened for business in Zimbabwe, and expanded into Mozambique in 1894, Botswana in 1897, Malawi in 1901, Zambia in 1906, Kenya, Zanzibar and the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), in 1911 and Uganda in 1912. Of these new businesses, Botswana, Zanzibar and the D.R.C. proved the most difficult and the branches soon closed. A branch in Bo tswana opened again in 1934 but lasted for only a year and it was not until 1950 that the Bank re-opened for business in Botswana. In Asia the Chartered Bank expanded opening offices in, Myanmar in 1862, what is now Pakistan and Indonesia in 1863, the Philippines in 1872, Malaysia in 1875, Japan in 1880 and Thailand in 1894. Some 34 years after the Chartered Bank appointed an agent in Sri Lanka it opened a branch in 1892 to take advantage of business from the tea and rubber industries. During 1904 a branch opened in Vietnam. Both the Chartered and the Standard Bank opened offices in New York and Hamburg in the early 1900s. The Chartered Bank gaining the first branch licence to be issued to a foreign bank in New York. The impact of war Even the First World War offered opportunities for expansion when the Standard Bank set up a branch in Tanzania shortly after British troops occupied the formerly German administered Dar es Salaam in September 1916. Both banks survived the inter-war years but the world trade slump led to the closure of operations in the Canary Islands, Liberia, the Netherlands, and Equatorial Guinea. Disaster struck the Chartered Banks office in Yokohama, Japan, when an earthquake in 1923 killing a number of staff destroyed it. The Second World War particularly affected the Chartered Bank when numerous Asian countries were occupied by Japan. Standard Chartered in India The Chartered Bank opened its first overseas branch in India, at Calcutta, on 12 April 1858 Eight years later the Calcutta agent described the Banks credit locally as splendid and its business as flourishing particularly the substantial turnover in rice bills with the leading Arab firms. When the Chartered Bank first established itself in India, Calcutta was the most important Commercial city and was the centre of the jute and indigo trades. With the growth of cotton trade and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Bombay took over from Calcutta as Indias main trade centre. Today the Banks branches and sub-branches in India are directed and administered from Mumbai (Bombay) with Calcutta remaining an important trading and banking centre. Standard Chartered is the largest international banking Group in India. Key businesses include Consumer Banking-Primarily credit cards, mortgages, personal loans and wealth management and wholesale Banking, where the Bank specializes in the provision of cash management trade, finance, treasury and custody services. It is the largest international banking group in India with an employee base of nearly 3500 people across the country. It also boast the largest branch network amongst all international banks in India-with 61 branches in 15 cities. With over 2.3 million retail customers, and a Credit Card base in excess of 1.3 million, it is the leaders in the consumer banking business. The wholesale bank has over 1200 corporate customers with a 33% market share in value with over 270 top transnational companies in India. INDUSTRY PROFILE What is Banking: Banking, in a traditional sense is the business of accepting deposits of money from public for the purpose of lending and investment. These deposits can have a distinct feature of being withdrawable by cheques, which no other financial institution can offer. In addition, banks also offer various other financial services which include. Issuing Demand Drafts Travellers Cheques Credit Cards Collection of Cheques, Bills of exchange Safe Deposit Lockers Issuing Letters of Credit Letters of Guarantee Sale and Purchase of Foreign Exchange Custodial Services Investment Insurance services The business of banking is highly regulated since banks deal with money offered to them by the public and ensuring the safety of this public money is one of the prime responsibilities of any bank. That is why banks are expected to be prudent in their lending and investment activities. Every bank has a Compliance Department, which is responsible to ensure that all the services offered by the bank, and the processes followed are in compliance with the local regulations and the Banks corporate policy. The major regulations and acts that govern the banking business are Banking Regulations act, 1949 Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 Indian Contract Act Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Banks lend money either for productive purposes to individuals, firms, corporates etc, or for buying house property, cars and other consumer durable and for investment purposes to individuals and others. However, banks do not finance any speculative activity. Lending is risk taking. Banking in the New Millennium Were living in a world dominated by the new idea economy, ticking to the beat of Internet time, where customers are quality conscious, time conscious and price conscious. Technology is creating new agile players making the existing ones obsolete. In this scenario, the role of internet and its impact on banking still appears to be a puzzle. Banks around the world are subject to the same radical changes -new competition, technology, deregulation, and globalization. But, eventually, the classic rules of business will reassert themselves in this virtual environment and the winners will be the first and best movers. The challenges in this millennium for the banking industry are enormous. The technology and Banking sector reforms, together are lifting the competitive intensity of the Banking business. In Banking, embedding knowledge into products can enhance value, and connecting different knowledge sources can create innovative products. The banks that are first to market with the right mix of technologies, strategies and partnerships would be the sure winners. The banking environment worldwide is undergoing massive transformation. Despite the, not so favorable, market sentiments and an apparent backlash against dotcoms, serious players in established industries like banking, remain convinced that the Internet will have a profound impact on the banking sector. Mergers and acquisitions are changing the financial landscape, and cross-border linkages are drastically altering the business characters, in general and banking operations, in particular. But drawing firm conclusions can be dangerous, as mergers and consolidation take many different forms and the impact can give mixed results. But, there is growing concern as to whether mergers deliver the expected benefits and whether cross-border deals are feasible, particularly in Europe, where cultural considerations are seen as barriers to success. In Europe, players are beginning to assert themselves, as the Nat West battle is resolved. Nat west, one of the UKs biggest banks, was forced to accept a hostile takeover bid from a smaller rival, Royal Bank of Scotland in December 2000. Earlier in November 1999, Nat west rejected a similar bid by another small bank, Bank of Scotland. This move left the scene set for Royal Bank of Scotland to submit its long anticipated bid for Nat West. It was follo wed by a flurry of bid and counter bid by the two Scottish banks as Nat west fought to keep its independence. The Royal Bank of Scotland finally won by convincing the Nat West shareholders to accept its  £25 bn offer. This outcome has set the tone for a long overdue round of consolidation in the European financial sector. Coming home, Indian banking sector has come a long way from being a sleepy business institution to a highly proactive and dynamic entity. Indian banking system is in the midst of a technological revolution. It is impacting the Indian industry in three ways firstly, by providing efficient and effective delivery Channels, secondly, it is dramatically influencing the client profile, which in turn leads to the third change i.e. the Human Resources Management. As a service sector, it calls for a change in the attitude of the personnel that would have a salutary effect on customers. Indian Banking that was operating in a highly comfortable and protected environment till the beginning of 1990s has been pushed into the choppy waters of intense competition. Mergers and acquisitions, have been heating up in the new private banking sector since the HDFC-Times Bank merger came through in November 1999. The deal shook an otherwise placid Indian banking world and generated a kind of pressure on banks to shake hands with their peers to cope up with the competition. Going forward, the premium valuations of private banks compared to public sector banks depend on their ability to maintain high earnings growth and quality of assets. The current downturn in the economic activity could result in the increase of non-performing assets for most of the banks. The winner in the market would be the one who can sustain the high growth in business without compromising the asset quality. In this millennium, banks should strive to achieve significant increases in their productivity, efficiency, and profitability. The areas of challenges that lie ahead for the Indian banking sector would be: Restructuring and Reorganizing banks setup, leaner offices, merging and forging of strategic alliances to take advantage of the geographic spread of branch network of banks, develop new products and services that would meet the emerging needs of customers and professional Management structures that would be responsive to the changes in the business environment. The book Banking In The New Millennium examines this changing landscape for the banking services. The purpose of this book is to present the current trends, the emerging scenario and the building blocks in banking sector. A brief section is also dedicated to retail banking that is growing in a big way. The book is divided into four sections analyzing the various aspects of the banking scenario. Packed with the right mix of articles on e-banking, retail banking, and mergers and acquisitions, this book is intended to serve as an executive reference book on Banking. Challenges And Future In Banking Sector Mergers in the Banking, NPA, New Technology, Electronic Cash Transfer After the nationalization of Banks, increasing adoption of technology, continuous mergers in the banking, modernizing backroom operation in the banks and competition pave the path of growth of Indian banking. By the mid-1990, the near monopoly of public sector banks faced the competition by the more customer-focused private sector entrants. This competition forced older and nationalized banks to revitalize their operations. Year 1992 was the golden period of Indian Banking system due to the scam-tainted stock market. Large proportion of household saving moved into the banking system, which recorded an annual growth of 20 percent in deposit. But along with the continuous growth and modernization, there are several challenges confronting the banking sector. The main challenges facing the banking sector are the deployment of funds in quality assets and the management of revenues and costs. The problem of NPA (non- performing assets), overall credit recovery systems still exist. There is a continuous reforms and modernization is in process. A number of recon mediations of two Narasimham committees have been implemented. Foreign Banks focusing on corporate and on the middle class consumer and providing then better service. Nationalized Banks are also attempting to get on the path of automation. Strong Banks will acquire the weaker banks. The member of foreign banks operating in India has increased significantly and their share of total assets has also increased. In the year 2001 estimated foreign bank account for 14.7 percent of the total net profit of commercial banking sector in India. In spite tangible progress and the contribution of Narasimham I and Narasimham committee reports the banking sector in India suffering from systemic and structural problem. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project report is to make an analytical study of Standard Chartered Bank It includes History of the Bank Product Analysis Service Banks Accounts Comparison of the saving accounts with other leading Banks of India REASEARCH METHODOLOGY Data collection has been done from both sources primary as well as secondary. Primary data : by meeting various managers of the Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank, ABN-AMRO Bank, ICICI, HDFC, HSBC, GTB, UTI and IDBI. Secondary data: From newspaper, magazines, Libraries. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Investment in India Banking Banking System Introduction The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is Indias central bank. Though public sector banks currently dominate the banking industry, numerous private and foreign banks exist. Indias government-owned banks dominate the market. Their performance has been mixed, with a few being consistently profitable. Several public sector banks are being restructured, and in some the government either already has or will reduce its ownership. Private and foreign banks The RBI has granted operating approval to a few privately owned domestic banks; of these many commenced banking business. Foreign banks operate more than 150 branches in India. The entry of foreign banks is based on reciprocity, economic and political bilateral relations. An inter-departmental committee approves applications for entry and expansion. Capital adequacy norm Foreign banks were required to achieve an 8 percent capital adequacy norm by March 1993, while Indian banks with overseas branches had until March 1995 to meet that target. All other banks had to do so by March 1996. The banking sector is to be used as a model for opening up of Indias insurance sector to private domestic and foreign participants, while keeping the national insurance companies in operation. Banking India has an extensive banking network, in both urban and rural areas. All large Indian banks are nationalized, and all Indian financial institutions are in the public sector. RBI banking The Reserve Bank of India is the central banking institution. It is the sole authority for issuing bank notes and the supervisory body for banking operations in India. It supervises and administers exchange control and banking regulations, and administers the governments monetary policy. It is also responsible for granting licenses for new bank branches. 25 foreign banks operate in India with full banking licenses. Several licenses for private banks have been approved. Despite fairly broad banking coverage nationwide, the financial system remains inaccessible to the poorest people in India. Indian banking system The banking system has three tiers. These are the scheduled commercial banks; the regional rural banks that operate in rural areas not covered by the scheduled banks; and the cooperative and special purpose rural banks. Scheduled and non-scheduled banks There are approximately 80 scheduled commercial banks, Indian and foreign; almost 200 regional rural banks; more than 350 central cooperative banks, 20 land development banks; and a number of primary agricultural credit societies. In terms of business, the public sector banks, namely the State Bank of India and the nationalized banks, dominate the banking sector. Local financing All sources of local financing are available to foreign-participation companies incorporated in India, regardless of the extent of foreign participation. Under foreign exchange regulations, foreigners and non-residents, including foreign companies, require the permission of the Reserve Bank of India to borrow from a person or company resident in India . Regulations on foreign banks Foreign banks in India are subject to the same regulations as scheduled banks. They are permitted to accept deposits and provide credit in accordance with the banking laws and RBI regulations. Currently about 25 foreign banks are licensed to operate in India. Foreign bank branches in India finance trade through their global networks. RBI restrictions The Reserve Bank of India lays down restrictions on bank lending and other activities with large companies. These restrictions, popularly known as consortium guidelines seem to have outlived their usefulness, because they hinder the availability of credit to the non-food sector and at the same time do not foster competition between banks. Indian vs foreign banks Most Indian banks are well behind foreign banks in the areas of customer funds transfer and clearing systems. They are hugely over-staffed and are unlikely to be able to compete with the new private banks that are now entering the market. While these new banks and foreign banks still face restrictions in their activities, they are well-capitalized, use modern equipment and attract high-caliber employees. Government and RBI regulations All commercial banks face stiff restrictions on the use of both their assets and liabilities. Forty percent of loans must be directed to priority sectors and the high liquidity ratio and cash reserve requirements severely limit the availability of deposits for lending.The RBI requires that domestic Indian banks make 40 percent of their loans at concessional rates to priority sectors selected by the government. These sectors consist largely of agriculture, exporters, and small businesses. Since July 1993, foreign banks have been required to make 32 percent of their loans to these priority sector. Within the target of 32 percent, two sub-targets for loans to the small scale sector (minimum of 10 percent) and exports (minimum of 12 percent) have been fixed. Foreign banks, however, are not required to open branches in rural areas, or to make loans to the agricultural sector. Commercial banks lent dols 8 billion in the Indian financial year (IFY, April-March) 1997/98, up sharply from dols 4.4 billion in the previous year. The deployment of gross loans was as follows: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS BUSINESS Consumer Bank Consumer Banking Offers a wide range of premium banking products and services through the network of 90 branches in 19 cities across the country to cater to customers diverse financial needs. Wealth management offers a complete and comprehensive range of products to fulfill a gamut of customer investment and financial needs. These include domestic and NRI transaction accounts (with several value-add products and services like ATM and globally valid Debit Card, phone banking, extended banking, any branch banking, door step banking and investment advisory services), distribution of capital market and insurance products and dematerialization services and finances against shares. Standard Chartered also offers Priority Banking that is personalized banking for the privileged few. Standard Chartered Group is a leading credit card issuer in India and has several firsts to its credit. These include issuance of the first Global Credit Card in India, the first Photo card, the first Picture Card. Our card division under Unsecured Payments is also the first in South Asia to be accorded an ISO 9002 certification. The credit Cards and Personal Loans Offer include co-branded cards with unique value propositions and cards like Sapnay for the middle-market segment. The division offers a range of personal loan products and also a personal line of credit through products such as Smart Credit. Our Secured Loan Division offers mortgage auto loans and also unique overdraft products like ‘Mileage that offer revolving credit facility against the security of a used or new car. Standard Chartered Finance (SCF), an NBFC is our Centre for Excellence in Service and product distribution arm. Products include loans/leases for new passenger cars, used cars commercial vehicles and medical equipment. Standard Chartered Finance has an extensive network of branches in India. Wholesale Bank Corporate and Institutional Bank Standard Chartered is particularly strong in Institutional relationships and is the preferred correspondent bank for over 300 domestic and international bank, the largest such private sector network in India. The Bank focuses on service quality and all its operational units in trade, cash management, treasury and custody are ISO certified. Standard Chartered is Indias largest foreign trade finance bank and offers a full complement of trade finance products, including export credit in foreign currency, export letters of credit confirmations, merchanting trade and buyer credits. It is one of the few banks in India to offer services like channel financing forfeiting, without recourse export finance, project export and service export approvals and sponsorships. As a leading cash management supplier across emerging markets, Standard Chartered Offers Complete end to end cash management solutions for corporate and institutions. The Greenwich survey for 2001 nominated Standard Chartered the Best Cash Management Service Quality Bank in India Range of Products include vostro accounts, draft drawing, telegraphic transfers and an international payments facility that allows foreign currency payments without a separate account. Standard Chartereds custody and clearing service unit has served Foreign Institutional Investors in India with Superior client servicing, supported by Sophisticated and flexible computerized systems. It is the only custodian in India to earn the ISO 9001:2000 standards certification. Standard Chartered has received top ratings in Industrys benchmark surveys the Global custodian survey 2000 and the Global Investor Survey 2000. Global Markets Standard Charted provides a complete 24 hour coverage of the worlds foreign exchange markets. It provides a broad range of products like Exotic currencies, Derivatives, Debt Capital markets, Currency Options and Electronic trading. Standard Chartered was the first bank in India to introduce its on-Line Treasury, a browser enabled dealing system that enables real-time transactions. Standard Chartered is also recognized as a leading market for the Indian Rupee. The Banks Treasury-the No.1 Treasury in India-is amongst the most active treasuries in the country, being a market maker in local currency and money markets. While we seek to provide advice, treasury products and services to our global clients in the Indian market, we also have active relationships with some of the biggest and most diversified Indian companies and many medium sized companies. With a large specialized sales force, we cater to all foreign exchange, money market and risk management needs of our corporate clients. Treasury has an active inter bank desk which, apart from being a market maker in the Indian Rupee spot and the forwards market, actively quotes for other currencies. The money Market Desk is a leading player in the Rupee markets and in Government and corporate debt trading. The derivative Desk is a market maker in the Rupee Interest rate swap market. We also run one of Indias largest derivative books and offer products up to 7 years tenor. The corporate desk is amongst the largest among the foreign banks in India. With a presence in 5 major cities with state of the art dealing rooms and a corporate sales force of over 20 dealers, we have an unmatched reach and service capability across India. In addition to servicing currency market and investment needs of corporate clients, our corporate desk is active in advisory services pertaining to structuring and risk management. Standard Chartered Mutual Fund is one of the largest and fastest growing debt funds in the market. Standard Chartered Mutual Fund is the only fund that focuses only on the debt segment and prides itself on having developed one of the finest interest rate tracking models. Consumer Bank-Products Types of Deposits Bank Deposits B